THE PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING. 



229 



additional disadvantage of a still stronger and more 

 numerous root formation. It is an impossibility under 

 such conditions to get a tree to bear fruit. 



Every year we meet with espaliers or fan-trained trees 



Fig. 97. SIDE BRANCH OF AN APPLE TREE. 



As the result of winter-pruning three strong laterals have developed, but no 

 fruiting spurs. These, however, if summer-pruned in August to check exuberant 

 growth and then not too closely pruned in winter might be induced to form 

 fruit spurs. 



growing on low fences that literally produce faggots of 

 shoots but hardly a single fruit bud, because the owner 

 neglected in the earlier existence of the tree to see that 

 the roots were pruned as well as the branches, to main- 



