274 FRUIT AND ITS CULTIVATION, 



Goat Moth (Cossus llgniperda). The female moth de- 

 posits her eggs in crevices of the bark in June and July. 

 These soon give birth to caterpillars, which eat their way 

 into the bark, and gradually tunnel into the heart of the 

 trunk. They are pinkish when young, and a rich yellow 

 marked with a mahogany stripe when older. The larvae 

 live for three years in the tree. Sometimes they are to 

 be met with crawling about, but, as a rule, they pupate 

 in the tunnels, and appear as moths in June. The presence 

 of the larvse in the tree may be detected by the lumps of 

 frass hanging to the bark and concealing the entrance. 

 If, as sometimes happens, several larvse are in one tree 

 the latter may die. To destroy the caterpillars in their 

 tunnels, thrust in a piece of red-hot wire. Bits of stick 

 cyanide placed in the holes, and the latter sealed over 

 tightly with clay, is another good remedy. Smearing the 

 bark with a mixture of lime, clay, and cow dung will pre- 

 vent the eggs hatching. (Fig. 128.) 



Mussel Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi). An insect resem- 

 bling a mussel shell, hence its common name. The female 

 insect, which has a pale fleshy body and no legs, lives 

 beneath a scaly covering attached to the bark. There, 

 by means of a sucker-like mouth, it penetrates the bark or 

 rind, and feeds on the sap. Male insects are very scarce, 

 consequently the females are capable of producing their 

 young without the agency of the former. The female 

 attaches herself permanently to the bark, and in due course 

 lays a colony of eggs under the scale, and afterwards dies. 

 When the eggs are hatched the larvae for a time wander 

 about the shoots, fruit, an'd leaves. The larvae are also 

 transported about the trees by birds, insects, etc. When 

 . they are present in large numbers the scales seriously 

 injure the .tree by puncturing the bark and removing 

 the sap. .Spraying in June with a paraffin emulsion, and 

 in winter with the lime-sulphur wash, are the best reme- 

 dies. 



Wood Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina). Like the larvae 



