ORCHARDS. 



319 



must be guarded against by means of the pruning knife. 

 If reference is again made' to Fig. 141, the bars indicate 

 where it is to be pruned in the spring following autumn 

 planting. The result of this pruning is shown in Fig. 142, 

 a satisfactory beginning, because the shoots, though not 

 particularly strong, are sufficiently so, and of the right 

 character for rapid progress in later years. (Fig. 143.) 



Fig. 141. A NEWLY-PLANTED STANDARD TREE. 



Tree as received from nursery and properly pruned. 



" During the second winter after planting (or the third 

 in the case of those not pruned till they have been planted 

 one year) these shoots require to be thinned out where 

 crowded, leaving all those best placed for developing in 

 the right direction, open centres being aimed at in the 



