408 HISTORY OF 



most exposed to tl.e weather, a shade darker tlian the hjgh^M- 

 ranks of people. The savage inhabitants of all places are ex- 

 posed still more, and therefore contract a still deeper hue ; and 

 this will account for the tawny colour of the North American 



These generally resemble Europeans. The hair has notliing of the woolly 

 curl, the skin lias a slight lirown tint, and the cheeks are red. The offspring 

 of these last and the Europeans are not to be distinguished from our own 

 race. An opposite course will reduce the Mulatto oft'spring to the charac- 

 ters of the negro, and by intermixture with the latter, the fourth generation 

 will be perfectly black. From the native Indians and the Europeans are 

 bom Mestizos. They are nmoh lighter than the Mulattoes, and often notdis- 

 tinguishable in colour from Europeans. The small beard, hands, and feet, 

 and the obliquity of the eyes, mark their Indian blood. The clftspring from 

 thera and European fathers are in all respects like the Europeans. From 

 Negroes and Americans spring Zambos, resembling Mulattoes, but darker. 

 Among the dark races are sometimes found persons spotted with white. 



Under this head of colour we shall briefly notice the varieties in the hair, 

 beard, and iris. 



The structure and properties of the liair are closely allied to those of the 

 skin, and it derives the means of its growth, and probably its colouring mat- 

 ter, from the cutaneous vessels. Each hair may be traced through the cuti- 

 cle and surface of the cutis to a bulb partly in the chorion and partly in the 

 cellular i.nembrane. This bulb consists of a thick outer covering, in which 

 the root of the hair and a vascular pulp by which the root is secreted, are 

 contained. There is a close analogy between the skin and hair. The latter, 

 in the albino, as before observed, is soft and white. A light complexion and 

 thin skin are usually accompanied with fair or red hair, and darker hair 

 usually belongs to a dark colour and thick skin. In the coloured varieties of 

 the human race, the hair is black and always coarser than that of Europeans. 

 In the spotted negroes the hair growing out of a white patch on the head, ia 

 white, a presumptive proof that the colouring matter of the skin and hair ia 

 the same. The principal differences iu the hair are four. 1. Brownish, 

 deviating into yellow or red, or into black. It is copious, long and soft, and 

 characterizes the natives of the temperate climates of Europe, and somewhat 

 stronger and darker belongs to the eastern Asiatics and northern Africans, 

 and the Celtic and Slavonic races in Europe. 2. Black, strong, straight, and 

 thin. This character of hair belongs to the American and Mongolian varie- 

 ties. 3. A softer black, thick and curled, is found among the South-Ses 

 Islanders. 4. Black and crisp, in all the negro tribes. It may be proper to 

 notice here that the hair of the African has been ascertaitied to bear no 

 resemblance to wool except in appearance, and that it has all the characters 

 of true hair. 



The above divisions hold good generally, but we find, as in colour so in hair, 

 fcany individual exceptions in the different races. As great differences are 

 observable in the various races in point of beard, as of hair generally. Most 

 individuaJs of the dark races are remarkably deficient in this particular. 

 The Mongolians have much less beard th;m the Europeans, and it grows 

 after. The Calmucks have small and poor mustachios, and very little hair 

 on the body The Burats are nearly beardless, so are the Tungooses and 



