ANIMALS. 525 



was considered in cattle as a deformity ; and the cow was cho- 

 Ben according to Virgil's direction, with a large dewlap : how- 

 ever, at present it is the universal opinion, that the cow wants 

 in udder, what it has in neck ; and the larger the dewlap, the 

 smaller is the quantity of its milk. Our graziers now, there- 

 fore, endeavour to mix the two breeds ; the large Holstein with 

 the small northern ; and from both results that fine milch breed, 

 which excels the cattle of any other part of the world. 



This difference, arising from pasture, is more observable in 

 other countries than in our own. The cow kind is to be found 

 in almost every part of the world, large in proportion to the rich- 

 ness of the pasture ; and small as the animal is stinted in its 

 food. Thus Africa is remarkable for the largest and the small- 

 est cattle of this kind ; as is also India, Poland, Switzerland, 

 and several other parts of Europe. Among the Eluth Tartars, 

 where the pastures are remarkably rich and nourishing, the 

 cow becomes so large that he must be a tall man who can reach 

 the tip of its shoulder. On the contrary, in France, where the 

 animal is stinted in its food, and driven from the most flourish- 

 ing pastures, it greatly degenerates.* 



it was laid aside. We believe that at present none remain, excepting at 

 Cliil.ingham Castle, the property of tlie Earl of Tankerville, near Berwick- 

 upon-Tweed ; at Wollaton, in Nottingham; at Gisburne, in Craven; at 

 Limehall, in Chesshire, and at Charily, in Staflordshire. 



* 'ihe breeds of the Kisguise and Caimuck Tartars, those of Podolia and 

 Ukraine, of European Turkey, of Hungary, and of the Roman States, are 

 among the largest known. They are nearly all distinguished by ample horns 

 ppreading sideways, then forwards and upwards, with dark points : their 

 colour is a bluish-ash passing to black. 1 hat in the Papal dominions is not 

 found represented on the ancient bas-reliefs of Rome, but was introduced 

 most probably by the Goths, or at the same time with the buffalo. Italy pos- 

 Besii's another race, presumed to have existed in the Pagan times, valued for 

 its fine form and white colour : it is not so large, but the horns are similarly 

 developed. 'I'uscany produces this race, and droves of them were trans- 

 planted to Cuba and imported into Jamaica. 



Ancient Egypt nourished a larsje, white breed, which, however, is not the 

 most common upon the monuments of that country, where the cattle are 

 usually represented with large irregular marks of black or bruwn upon a 

 « liite ground. 



Ill Abyssinia there is also a large white breed, but the greater number are 

 variously coloured. The Caffres and Hottentots rear a fine race, likewise 

 marked with large brown or black ch)uds : some are of extraordinary size, 

 with the horns directed forward and upwards. It is from these that their 

 llakelv, or war oxen, are chosen : they ride them on all occasions, bcinij 



