528 HISTORY OF 



the descendants of one common stock, as they have that certain 

 mark of unity, they breed and propagate among each other. 

 Naturalists have, therefore, laboured under an obvious error, 

 when, because of the extreme bulk of the urus, or because of the 



and belong to low or level lands. Such are the Cholets, Nantz, Anjou, Mar 

 cais, Breton, Mans, Dutch, Cotentin, and Comtois breeds. 



The difference between the straight-backed races, and the hunched, are, 

 beside the huncli on the back, a certain liveliness and activity, also a ditfe- 

 rent voice, for they groan or produce a sound like the shriller and weak, 

 er tones of the Gayals ; and in the Chinese, some breeds liave the hums 

 placed further back, so that the forehead is actually arched. These races oc- 

 cupy all Southern China, India, and Ceylon. In Persia they appear not to 

 have existed at an early period, if we may judge by the bas-reliefs of Chel. 

 minar, where oxen with straight backs and Taurine horns are represented 

 forming part of the tribute of several Satrapies. They now abound in that 

 country, and are spread westward to Morocco and Guinea, and through the 

 Galla states to the Caifres of Madagascar. They have in general small and 

 crumpled horns, and much white in their colouring. 



The large species of India, equal to the bulls of largest stature, have a lump 

 on tlie back, weighing sometimes fifty pounds ; it is usually red or brown : 

 the horns are short and bent backwards. 



The middle-sized race, Common-Zebu or Deswali of India and Northern 

 Africa, while or blue-gray and white, brown and even black, breeds com. 

 monly with the straight backed, and loses the hump on the shoulders in the 

 fourth generation. This race has horns mostly bent forward and upwards. It 

 is not unfrequently in England. 



The Chinese breed, in size equal to the smaller British race; hump not 

 very large ; forehead round ; very short horns, bent back ; dewlap loose ; 

 colour often white. It is often figured on china-ware. 



The small Zebu race, with small or no horns, commonly whitish-gray : 

 size of a hog. 



The Abyssinian breed, white and black In clouds, low on the legs, with 

 the horns hanging loose, forming small horny hooks, nearly of equal thick- 

 ness to the point ; turning freely either way, and hanging against the cheeks. 

 This breed transferred to Catfraria, and mixed with the straight-backed, has 

 lost its hump, retaining the other characters, and is esteemed very valuable. 



Besides these varieties, a race remains to be mentioned, reared in Abyssi. 

 nia, the Galla country, and Northern Central Africa : it is of large size, ge- 

 nerally white, and armed with immense horns. Travellers agree that they 

 are hunched; but in some accounts they are considered as buft'uloes, nor does 

 it appear proved, that the hunch is a simple fatty excrescence ; there is eveu 

 some probability, that the ridge of the withers is the principal cause, in 

 which case, the true location of this race would become doubtful. Of this tha 

 GiillaoT Zanga race, generally white, with small hunch, black muzzle, small 

 bone, and high legs, is the longest known. The horns turn up vertically, 

 are of a pale horn colour, extremely bulky, and near four feet in length. 

 The next is the Bornou race, likewise white, of a very large size, with 

 bunched back, and very large horns, but not rising vertically ; they are 

 couched outwards and downwards, like those of the African buffalo, with 



