246 CONSIDERATIONS OF CLASSIFICATION AND METHODS 





Another example would be the oyster crab found inside the oyster shell. 



3. Commensalism. Here there is benefit to the parasite, but no injury to the 

 host. An example of this kind would be furnished in the case of the Trichomonas 

 vaginalis which lives in the vaginal mucus, but so far as known, does no injury to the 

 host. 



If the Entamceba coll be nonpathogenic this would be another example. 



4. Nomenclature. When the thousands of different species, genera, 

 etc., of animals are considered, it will be readily perceived that, unless 

 some system existed for their designation, indescribable confusion 

 would prevail. To avoid this, the International Code, based on the 

 rules of Linnaeus (tenth edition of Systema naturae, 1758, is basis of 

 binary zoological nomenclature) , requires Latin or Latinized names. 



In printed matter the zoological name should be in italics, that of the family in 

 Roman type. The name of the author of a specific name is written immediately after 

 the name without punctuation and may be followed by the year of publication set off 

 by a comma, thus: Ascarls lumbricoldes Linnaeus, 1758. Should the name of the 

 author appear in parentheses it indicates that he proposed the specific name but 

 placed the species in another genus than that in which it now appears, and the name 

 of the author responsible for placing the species in the present genus may be written 

 after the name of the original author of the species; for example, Davainea mada- 

 gascariensis (Davaine, 1869) Blanchard, 1891, tells us that Davaine proposed the 

 specific name madagascarlensls in 1869 but placed it in some other genus and that 

 Blanchard in 1891 transferred it to the genus Davainea. There are certain rules 

 governing the naming of animals. Of these, the law of priority provides that the oldest 

 published name, under the code, of any genus or species is its proper zoological name. 

 The history of the naming of the organism of syphilis illustrates this well. Schau- 

 dinn gave this organism in 1905 the name of Splroch&ta pallida. Ehrenburg, in 

 1838, had used the name Splrochata for animals of a different character, so that this 

 designation of the genus was not permissible under the code. Villemin, a little later, 

 proposed the generic name Splronema. This term, however, was found to have 

 been used in 1864 by Meek for a genus of molluscs and by Klebs in 1892 for a genus 

 of flagellates. Consequently, being a homonym, it was not available. 



(A generic name can be applied to only one animal genus and if a similar name is 

 subsequently given another genus it is a homonym and is to be rejected.) 



On December 2, 1905 Stiles and Pfender then proposed the name Micros pironema, 

 but as Schaudinn published on Oct. 26, 1905 the designation Treponema, the 

 name Treponema pallldum had to be accepted as the proper zoological name for the 

 organism of syphilis. 



Of unusual interest is the question of the name of the old-world hookworm. 

 Dubini, in 1843, named a nematode found by him in man Agchylostoma. By the 

 law of priority this spelling would have been the correct one had he not stated in a 

 footnote that the generic name was derived from two Greek words cryxuXoer and 

 or6/Lta. Having indicated the origin of the name it became subject to the rules for 

 correct transliteration, which is Ancylostoma. 



