466 APPENDIX 



Urobilin. Urobilin appears in considerable quantity in urine when there is 

 much destruction of red cells, as in pernicious anaemia, internal haemorrhage, and in 

 malarial cachexia. The best test is that of Schlesinger. To the unfiltered urine 

 add an equal amount of a saturated solution of zinc acetate in absolute alcohol. 

 Shake, add a few drops of Lugol's solution and filter. Fluorescence in the filtrate 

 shows the presence of urobilin. The degree of blood destruction is indicated by the 

 intensity of the fluorescence. 



Bile Pigments. A satisfactory test is that of Rosin (Trousseau). Overlay 10 

 c.c. urine with about 5 c.c. of dilute tincture of iodine (i to 10 of 95% alcohol). 

 An emerald green ring at the point of contact shows the presence of bile coloring 

 matter. For Gmelin's lest pass the urine several times through the filter and then 

 touch the paper with a glass rod which has been dipped in a commercial HNO 3 . 

 A green color play shading to blue and violet shows bilirubin. 



Bile Acids. Bile pigments and bile acids usually occur together in urine. A 

 very delicate and reliable test for bile acids is that of Oliver. Filter a specimen of 

 urine until it is quite clear. Then make reaction acid provided the urine is not 

 acid. The urine should be diluted with water until its specific gravity is below 

 1008. The reagent is made as follows: Peptone 30 grains and salicylic acid 4 

 grains are dissolved in 8 ounces of distilled water containing % dram of acetic acid. 



The solution is filtered until transparent. 



For the test add 20 minims of the clear acid urine to 60 minims of the reagent. 

 A milky turbidity indicates bile acids. If the turbidity disappears on shaking, 

 the addition of more reagent will cause it to reappear. 



URIC ACID IN URINE 



Normally we have from 0.2 to 2 grams eliminated in twenty-four hours de- 

 pending on nature and quantity of protein intake. Nuclein rich foods, as 

 sweet-breads, liver, etc., greatly increase the amount. 



To determine the quantity add to 150 c.c. of the urine 50 c.c. of a reagent which 

 consists of 500 grams ammonium sulphate, 5 grams of uranium acetate, and 60 c.c. 

 of 10% acetic acid dissolved, with the aid of heat, in sufficient water (about 700 c.c.) 

 to make i liter of solution. The mixture of urine and reagent is then filtered. To 

 134 c.c. of the filtrate (which represents 100 c.c. of the urine), contained in a beaker, 

 add sufficient ammonium hydrate to make strongly alkaline, and let stand twenty- 

 four hours. Filter, preferably through hardened filter, wash beaker, and precipitate 

 thoroughly with 10% ammonium sulphate solution; open filter and with wash bottle 

 wash precipitate back into beaker, using approximately 100 c.c. of water to do so, 

 add 15 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid, and then immediately from burette add 

 N/20 potassium permanganate solution until a pink color which persists for thirty 

 seconds is obtained. The number of cubic centimeters of the potassium per- 

 manganate solution required is then multiplied by 0.00375; to this result add 

 0.003 for each 100 c.c. of filtrate and wash solution used. The final result is the 

 quantity of uric acid in 100 c.c. of urine. 







CHLORIDES 





These are normally present in quantity corresponding to 10 to 15 grams of sodium 

 chloride. Diet as well as certain pathologic processes, especially the latter, may cause 



