158 ANATOMY OF UPPER EXTREMITY, ETC. 



from the bone, it will be found that the vertebra has a 

 cartilaginous covering between it and the disk. 



The processes of the vertebrae have special uniting liga- 

 ments. 



The ligamenta subflava are elastic layers placed between 

 the arches of the vertebrae, stretching from the lower 

 border of one to the upper border of the next ; they are 

 longest in the cervical region. 



The supra-spinous ligament extends along the tips of 

 the spinous processes, and is best developed in the lumbar 

 region. 



The inter-spinous ligaments lie between the upper and 

 lower borders of the spinous processes, and extend from 

 the root to the tip of the process ; they are best marked 

 in the lumbar region. 



The inter-transverse ligaments extend between the trans- 

 verse processes, as thin bands in the lumbar, and as round 

 bundles in the dorsal vertebrae ; they are wanting in the 

 cervical region. 



A capsular ligament, not very well marked, surrounds 

 the articular processes, and incloses a sy no vial membrane. 



The clavicle is united to the scapula by an articulation 

 with the acromion, and by a ligament between the clavicle 

 and the coracoid process. 



The ACROMIO-CLAVICULAR ARTICULATION is maintained 

 by scattered fibres, which make a kind of capsule for the 

 joint ; an inter-articular fibro-cartilage, often indistinct, 

 exists between the two bones, and a synovial membrane 

 lines the interior of the articulations. 



The coraco-clavicular ligament is a thick fasciculus, 

 reaching from the base of the coracoid process to the 

 under surface of the clavicle; when seen from the front, its 

 fibres present a quadrilateral shape, and it is hence called 

 the trapezoid ligament ; when seen from behind, it is tri- 

 angular in shape, and is then called the conoid ligament. 



The scapula has two ligaments unconnected with any 

 other bone ; the coraco-acromial, and the transverse. 



The coraco-acromial ligament is triangular in shape, and 

 extends transversely between the coracoid process and the 

 acromion, its apex being attached to the end of the acro- 

 mion, and its wider base into the whole length of the cora- 

 coid process. 



