LIGAMENTS OF THE ELBOW-JOINT. 159 



The transverse ligament converts the notch in the upper 

 border of the scapula into a foramen. 



A capsular ligament incloses the SHOULDER JOINT. It is 

 attached above, to the neck of the scapula, and below, to 

 the humerus, close to its articular surface ; internally it is 

 lined with a synovial membrane ; it is strengthened by the 

 tendons of the muscles of the scapula, and by a broad band, 

 called the coraco-humeral ligament, which extends from the 

 base of the coracoid process to the greater tuberosity of 

 the humerus. The long tendon of the biceps muscle pene- 

 trates the capsule between the tuberosities of the humerus, 

 and is attached to the upper part of the glenoid fossa of 

 the scapula; this tendon is surrounded by a prolongation 

 of the capsular synovial membrane. 



The glenoid ligament consists of a fibrous band, con- 

 tinuous with the tendon of the biceps, from which it seems 

 to be formed, and which surrounds and deepens the glenoid 

 fossa of the scapula. 



The bones of the ELBOW- JOINT are kept in place by the 

 following ligaments : 



The external lateral ligament consists of a round fascicu- 

 lus attached to the external condyle above, and the orbicu- 

 lar ligament of the radius below. 



The internal lateral ligament, triangular in shape, is at- 

 tached above, by its apex, to the internal condyle, and 

 below, by its base, to the margin of the sigmoid notch of 

 the ulna, from the coronoid process to the olecranon. 



When the supra-condyloid process is present, a ligament 

 extends from its tip to the internal condyle, thus com- 

 pleting the analogy it is supposed to have with the foramen 

 in the lower part of the humerus, through which the bra- 

 chial artery passes in certain classes of animals. 



The anterior ligament extends from the front of the 

 humerus to the coronoid process and orbicular ligament ; 

 its fibres are very thin and pass in various directions. 



The posterior ligament is attached superiorly to the 

 humerus, above the fossa for the olecranon, and inferiorl} r 

 to the edges of the olecranon process. 



The radius is held to the ulna by the orbicular ligament, 

 a broad band which surrounds its head, and is inserted by 

 its two extremities at either end of the lesser sigmoid notch 

 of the ulna. 



