ESTABLISHING NEW FORESTS. 85 



vitaes, and it has never been injured in the least by cold, 

 and is every winter loaded with its bright, scarlet berries. 

 The two other trees, not more than a hundred feet dis- 

 tant, but unprotected, are frequently badly injured and 

 occasionally lose all the leaves from the north side. Now 

 the injury to the two unprotected specimens cannot be 

 attributed to the difference in temperature, for if a ther- 

 mometer was hung up in each they would not show a 

 difference in temperature of a single degree even in the 

 coldest weather. It is the cutting wind that kills, and 

 not the severe cold. Evergreens that are indigenous 

 to cold, moist climates, will not thrive in cold, dry ones, 

 neither in those that are moist and warm. Our northern 

 species, like the hemlock, white spruce, white pine, and 

 arbor-vitae, will not grow in the Southen States, except 

 on some mountain range where the temperature is not 

 excessive in summer. There are, however, a good variety 

 of evergreens indigenous to the Southern States, and 

 adapted to all kinds of soil from the dry sand hills where 

 the long-leaved or yellow pine nourishes, to the low 

 swamps filled with white cedars, evergreens, oaks, yews, 

 and magnolias. But in seeking evergreen trees for culti- 

 vation on the western prairies, it will be well to obtain 

 species inhabiting similar parallels of latitude, and those 

 known to resist high winds and long drouths. Such 

 species can be found in both the Eastern as well as the 

 Western States. 



Among the pines, those with coarse rigid leaves are 

 less liable to be affected by strong winds than the more 

 soft and tender-leaved. The common Pitch pine 

 (P. rigida), and the Jersey pine (P. inops), as well as 

 the Table Mountain pine (P. pungens), and Red pine 

 (P. resinosd), are species well adapted for planting in 

 exposed situations. There are also several species, natives 

 of the foot-hills and mountains, bordering the great 

 plains on the west that will eventually prove to be more 



