206 PRACTICAL FORESTRY. 



hight, with reddish, close-grained, strong and durable wood, 

 extensively employed by coopers and carriage makers. The 

 bark is used in tanning, and long known as the quercitron of 

 dyers. Very abundant in all the Atlantic States, but less com- 

 mon in the Western. 



Q. toinentella. Engelm. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, two to 

 three inches long, on short stalks, obtuse at base, acute or 

 toothed, rarely entire, strongly ribbed with revolute margins, 

 densely downy when young, becoming smooth. Leaves ever- 

 green, or at least very persistent. Acorns ovate, and over an 

 inch long, maturing the second season. A tree sometimes forty 

 feet high, and closely allied to the California Live Oak (Q. 

 chrysolepis), Guadalupe Island (Dr. Palmer). 



Q. nndnlata, Torr. Rocky Mountain Scrub-Oak. One of the 

 Rocky Mountain oaks that runs into almost innumerable forms, 

 and from low, almost trailing shrubs, up to trees twenty or 

 more feet high. The species has a general resemblance to the 

 "White Oak of the Eastern States, and the leaves are fully as 

 persistent, and 'the wood is very hard and tough, but usually 

 too small for any use except stakes and firewood. The leaves 

 resemble those of the White Oak (Q. alba), only they are very 

 much smaller. Dr. Engelmann refers to a few of the best known 

 forms of this species, as follows : 1. Var. Gambelii (Q. Gam- 

 belii, Nutt., and probably Q. Drummondii, Liebm.) 2. Var. 

 Gunnisoni (Q. alba, var. Gunnisoni, Torrey). 3. Var. Jamesii, 

 Engelm. 4. Var. Wrightii, Engelm., often confounded with 

 Q. Emoryi. 5. Var. pungens, Engelm., (Q. pungens, Liebm.) 

 Var. oblongata, Engelm., (Q. oblongifolia, Torr.) 6. Var. 

 grisea, Engelm., (Q. grisea, Liebm.) 



Q. virens, Ait. Live Oak. Leaves two to four inches long, 

 thick evergreen, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rough or wrinkled, 

 smooth and shining above, hoary tomentose beneath, the mar- 

 gins revolute. Fruit on a rather long stem, cup top-shaped, 

 wrinkled, enclosing the base of the oblong, brown acorn, which 

 matures the second season. A large tree, with spreading branches, 

 fifty to seventy feet high, and stem four to six feet in diameter. 

 Wood yellowish or light brown, very heavy, fine-grained, and 

 very durable. Formerly largely used for ship building, but 

 less since iron has been employed for similar purposes. There 

 are two or three varieties described in botanical works. A 

 common and rather abundant tree in the Southern Atlantic 

 States, and westward along the Gulf Coast to Mexico. 



