ISO EASTERN ARCTOG^A. [CHAP. 



the other, points unmistakeably, in spite of their external similarity, 

 to the dual origin of the monkeys of the Old and New Worlds. 

 Both may, however, have originated from different groups of 

 lemuroids, which, as indicated in an earlier chapter, ranged over 

 the whole of Northern Arctogaea during the earlier part of the 

 Tertiary epoch. 



At the present day the man -like apes, which are few in 

 number, have an extremely limited distribution. The chim- 

 panzees (Anthropopithecus) are restricted to Equatorial Africa, the 

 gorilla (Gorilla) is found only in the hottest regions of Western 

 Africa, the orangs (Simla} are confined to the islands of Borneo 

 and Sumatra, and the smaller gibbons (Hylobates) are inhabitants 

 of South-eastern Asia, from Assam and Burma to Hainan. Ex- 

 tinct species of chimpanzees and orangs occur, however, in the 

 Pliocene of Northern India; while gibbons are met with in the 

 Miocene of France and Baden, although there is some difference 

 of opinion whether these are generically identical with the Asiatic 

 forms, or should be assigned to a genus apart (Pliopithecus}. The 

 former deposits have also yielded remains of a large extinct ape 

 (Dryopithecus)) apparently of a somewhat more generalised type 

 than all the existing forms. 



The ordinary monkeys and apes (Cercopithecidce) have a wider 

 distribution, ranging over most of the warmer parts of Eastern 

 Arctogaea, and being represented by a single species at Gibraltar, 

 and by two others in Moupin, in Eastern Tibet, and a fourth in 

 Japan. This family, by the way, is not exclusively Arctogaeic, 

 since, as we have seen, one species of a peculiar genus (Cynopi- 

 thecus) inhabits Celebes. Apart from the latter, the family is 

 represented by eight living genera, among which the Ethiopian 

 Papio has extinct representatives in the Pliocene and Plistocene 

 of India, as have also the Asiatic Macacus and Semnopithecus. The 

 two latter genera also occur in the Pliocene of France and Italy; 

 and a tooth of a species of Macacus has been obtained from the 

 Plistocene brick-earths of Essex. In addition to these, there are 

 certain extinct genera from the European Tertiaries; among 

 which Mesopithecus from the lower Pliocene of Greece agrees with 

 Macacus in its short and stout limbs, but approximates to 

 Semnopithecus in the character of its skull and dentition. Dolicho- 



