194 EASTERN ARCTOGyEA. [CHAP. 



RODENTIA. Theridomys. fSpermophilus. 



Archaeomys. f Sciurus. 



Issiodoromys. Chalicomys. 



t Myoxus. Titanomys. 



t Cricetus. 



UNGULATA. Anthracotherium. Csenotherium. 



Hyotherium. f Tapirus. 



Amphitragulus. t Rhinoceros. 



Dremotherium. 

 MARSUPIALIA. f Didelphys. 



Of this fauna, Professor von Zittel writes that it seems at first 

 sight closely akin to those of the middle and lower Oligocene ; the 

 same ordinal and subordinal groups, and in many instances the 

 same genera characterising the whole three horizons. In the lack 

 of lemuroids, the reduced number or final disappearance of 

 opossums, creodonts, and anoplotherioids, in the greater abundance 

 of forms like Anthracotherium, Hyotherium, and Dremotherium, 

 which were but poorly represented in the lower Oligocene, and in 

 the number of new types, such as Tapirus, Amphitragulus (an 

 ancestral chevrotain), Chalicomys (an early beaver), Titanomys (an 

 ally of the picas), Erinaceus, Dimylus (a form connecting the 

 shrews with the hedgehogs), Potamotherium (a generalised otter), 

 Herpestes (mungooses), Procelurus (a primitive type of cat), we 

 notice, however, the marked difference of this fauna from its fore- 

 runners. Among the incoming genera it is noteworthy that there 

 is none for which an ancestral type cannot be found in the lower 

 Oligocene ; the main difference occurring in the more specialised 

 characters of the members of the later fauna. With the exception 

 of certain bats, insectivores, rodents, and the opossums (such as 

 Vespertilio, Erinaceus, Sorex, Myogale, Talpa, Sciurus, Spermo- 

 philus, Cricetus, Myoxus, and Didelphys], the majority of the 

 genera are, however, still extinct. 



It is probable that the beds in the Balkans which have yielded 

 remains of the North American Tertiary genus Titanotherium 

 belong to some portion of the Oligocene epoch. 



We now come to the Miocene epoch, which, as at present re- 

 stricted, forms in Europe but a small section of the Tertiary era. 



