V.] MIOCENE FAUNA. 195 



It includes the well-known freshwater strata of Sansan in Gers (the 

 middle Miocene of the older geological classifica- 

 tions), together with the corresponding beds of F ^n a cene 

 Steinheim in Styria, and likewise the somewhat 

 newer (upper Miocene) deposits of CEningen, in Baden. Grive-St- 

 Alban, in the valley of the Rhone, is likewise another well-known 

 locality where mammaliferous strata of this age are developed; 

 and, among other places, we may also mention Monte Bamboli 

 in Italy, San Isidro in Spain, and Oran in Algeria. 



For the first time in Europe we meet with remains of true 

 Primates, of which there are three genera belonging to the Simiidce, 

 two of which, Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus *, are extinct, but the 

 third seems scarcely separable from the existing Oriental Hylobates. 

 In the Insectivora we meet with the existing European genera 

 Talpa, Myogale (desmans), Erinaceus, Soreoc, and Crocidura ; while 

 the extinct Lanth another turn seems to be allied to the tree-shrews 

 ( Tupaid] of the Oriental region, and Galerix intermediate between 

 the latter and the j Limping-shrews (Macroscelidtdce) of Ethiopian 

 Africa. Among the Carnivora, where the creodonts have disap- 

 peared, the cats are represented by the sabre-toothed tigers 

 (Machcerodus] and Pseudcelurus. In addition to the existing 

 genera Viverra and Herpestes, we have among the civet tribe the 

 extinct Progemtta. The dogs include the existing Cam's, together 

 with the extinct Hemicyon and Pseudocyon ; while the larger forms 

 described as Dinocyon and Hycznarctus connect the former with 

 the bears. The Mustelidce. are represented by species of the 

 typical living genus Mustela, together with certain more or less 

 closely allied extinct types ; and Enhydriodon filled the place 

 of the modern otters. 



From among the rodents the generalised types allied to those 

 now characteristic of Neogsea have all disappeared, nearly all the 

 recorded forms apparently pertaining to existing genera. In the 

 Sciuridce not only have we true squirrels (Sdurus\ but the Ethio- 

 pian spiny squirrels (Xerus) are likewise represented, as are also 

 the more widely distributed flying-squirrels of the genus Stiuro- 

 pterus, which now inhabit both Eastern and Western Arctogaea 



1 Some of the characters of these genera have been already mentioned on 

 pages 1 80, 18 r. 



132 



