V.] SIWALIK FAUNA. 2OI 



displayed at Eppelsheim, the Ethiopian affinities are much less 

 apparent, aard-varks and the whole of the giraffe-group being 

 absent, while tapirs and deer were abundant. That there was a 

 more or less marked separation between the two areas thus seems 

 evident; and the tapirs and muntjac-like deer, both of which 

 seem wanting in the Siwalik fauna, are indicative, so far as they 

 go, of Malayan affinities. 



Nearly related to that of Pikermi, Samos, and Persia, the 

 celebrated Siwalik fauna of India and the adjacent 

 countries presents certain well-marked differences; F a^ hk 

 this being specially shown by the occurrence of several 

 essentially modern types quite unknown in the former. More- 

 over, there are a considerable number of peculiar genera which do 

 not occur in the western fauna; while we also come across certain 

 Miocene, and even Oligocene types, which are equally strange to 

 the latter. Although in some cases these occur in beds which are 

 not improbably of upper Miocene age, in others they appear 

 mingled with the later forms ; but, in any case, they indicate a 

 survival in this area of archaic types which at that time had com- 

 pletely disappeared from Europe. 



Originally discovered in the outer ranges of the typical Hima- 

 layan area, the Siwalik fauna has been traced towards the 

 north-west into the Punjab, Kach, Sind, and the north-eastern 

 frontier of Baluchistan ; the beds from the two latter areas being 

 lower in the series than those from the typical Siwalik hills, and 

 containing an older assemblage of forms, although several are 

 common to all. An outlier of the same fauna occurs in Perim 

 Island in the gulf of Cambay. Eastwards the Siwalik fauna 

 ranged through Sylhet and Assam to Burma, whence it has been 

 traced at intervals, as in Java, Sumatra, and the Philippines, into 

 China and Japan. In China it extended from Yunnan in the 

 south-west northwards through Szechuen to Kansu, and thence 

 eastwards through Shensi to Shansi, its extreme eastern limit being 

 indicated by the discovery of a Siwalik elephant's tooth at 

 Shanghai. Northward of Kansu the fauna ranged into Mongolia, 

 probably by way of the gap formed by the course of the Hwang-ho 

 through the Ala-shan mountains if such mountains existed at the 

 time. And it is not a little remarkable that of the few Mongolian 



