202 EASTERN ARCTOG^A. [CHAP. 



forms at present known, two (Hycena macrostoma and Equus 

 sivalensis) are identical with species from the Siwalik Hills 1 . 



As regards the fauna itself, we find, in the first place, the 

 Primates much more fully represented than at Pikermi, and all by 

 existing generic types. Of the man-like apes (Simiid&\ there is 

 a chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus) presenting a more human type 

 of dentition than its living Ethiopian cousins; while a single tusk 

 indicates the former existence of an orang (Simla) allied to the living 

 Bornean and Sumatran species. The other three generic types 

 belong to the Cercopithecida, and include baboons of the Ethiopian 

 genus Papio ( Cynocephalus), together with species of Semnopithecus 

 and Macacus, the former genus being exclusively, and the latter 

 mainly, Oriental at the present day, although both occur in the 

 later Pliocene of Europe. Doubtless owing to the unsuitability 

 of the strata for the preservation of small specimens, no remains 

 of insectivores have hitherto been obtained. The Carnivora are, 

 on the other hand, well represented; the Felicia including large 

 and small species of the typical genus Felis, and apparently one 

 of the allied Cynahirus (hunting-leopard), now exclusively Oriental 

 and Ethiopian. Mach&rodus had two species ; and another 

 form has been identified with the European Oligocene genus 

 SEhiridis. Civets include species of Viverra larger than any now 

 existing; this genus being also one now confined to the Ethiopian 

 and Oriental regions, although more abundant in the latter than in 

 the former. The CanidcE, in addition to a survivor of the Miocene 

 Amphicyon, were represented by wolves and jackals (Cam's), as 

 well as by a species apparently allied to the long-eared fox (Otocyon} 

 of Africa. While in the Ursidce the generalised Hycenarctus still 

 survived, true bears (Ursus) make their appearance for the first 

 time, the single known Siwalik species presenting, however, a 

 marked approximation in the characters of its skull and dentition 

 to the Indian sloth-bear (Melursus). Among the few known 

 representatives of the Mustelida, we have a large marten (Mustela), 

 probably allied to the living yellow-throated Indian species ; a 

 ratel, belonging to a genus (Mellivora) now restricted to India 

 and Africa; and likewise an otter (Lutra) whose nearest affinities 

 are with an existing Sumatran species. The same family also 



1 Lydekker, Rec, Geol. Sw~v. India, Vol. xxiv. pp. 207 211 (1891). 



