206 EASTERN ARCTOG^EA. [CHAP. 



region where deer are totally absent were likewise extraordinarily 

 numerous. Of the African genera we have a species of Bubalis 

 intermediate between the hartebeests and the blesbok, a member 

 of the sable antelope group (Hippotragus\ a kudu (Strepsiceros), an 

 eland (Orias), and probably a representative of the water-buck 

 group (Cobus). On the other hand, Oriental forms are not 

 wanting, as proved by the occurrence of a nilgai (Boselaphus), and 

 probably of a four-horned antelope (Tetraceros] ; while the widely- 

 spread gazelles (Gazelld) were likewise present. Goats and oxen 

 for the first time made their appearance ; the former group being 

 represented not only by species belonging to the typical Capra, 

 but likewise to the shorter-horned genus Hemitragus, now confined 

 to India and Arabia. The oxen (Bos) included members of all the 

 existing groups, that is to say typical oxen, bison, buffalo, and 

 smaller forms with upright triangular horns nearly allied to the 

 anoa of Celebes. 



The perissodactyle ungulates, so numerous in the earlier 

 Tertiary formations, have now become proportionately much fewer 

 as compared with the artiodactyles. While typical forms of 

 Hipparion were present, one species differs from the rest by the 

 loss of the lateral toes, and thus resembles the modern horses 

 (Equus\ which here make their appearance for the first time. 

 Rhinoceroses include not only hornless forms, but likewise one 

 species allied to the existing Oriental Rhinoceros unicornis and R. 

 sondaicus, and a third as closely related to the African Burchell's 

 rhinoceros (7?. simus]. In the same group Chalicotherium is a 

 survivor from older formations. 



Finally, the proboscideans exhibit a development unparalleled 

 in any other formation or epoch. Dinotherium appears for the 

 last time in the Siwaliks of Perim Island, Kach, Sind, and the 

 Punjab ; while the mastodons include a large number of species, 

 some of which present such a close approximation to the so-called 

 stegodont elephants (which, as already mentioned 1 , are peculiar to 

 this fauna) as to render it impossible to draw any well-defined 

 demarcation between the genera Mastodon and Elephas. Not 

 only does the Siwalak fauna include the aforesaid stegodont, or 



1 Stipra, p. 172. 



