210 EASTERN ARCTOG^EA. [CHAP. 



fauna of the Himalayan area and Mongolia, the Himalaya at that 

 epoch not forming, as now, an impassable barrier to the north of 

 the Oriental region. The second point relates to the survival in 

 the Siwalik fauna of archaic forms, which had disappeared at that 

 date from Europe. This fact, especially since old types such as 

 lemurs and gymnuras are even now met with in the Oriental 

 region, lends support to the view advanced in an earlier chapter 1 

 that marsupials may have lived on in south-eastern Asia long after 

 they had completely disappeared from Europe. 



Our knowledge of the later Pliocene faunas of Eastern 



Arctogaea is mainly confined to Europe, where at 

 cene Kaunas. " this period the general distribution of land and sea 



was apparently very much the same as at the 

 present day. Spain was, however, connected with Africa, as was 

 probably also Italy by way of Sardinia and Malta. A portion of 

 Italy was, however, submerged, while in Belgium, Holland, and 

 the south-east of England the sea intruded upon what is now land ; 

 but, on the other hand, Britain was joined to the Continent. 

 Few mammaliferous deposits of this age have been preserved to 

 us, but among these are the Crags of the east coast of England 

 (which contain numerous fossils derived from earlier formations), 

 the fresh-water beds of the Val d' Arno in Italy, as well as others in 

 the Auvergne, in the Rhone valley, at Roussillon, and in the 

 neighbourhood of Montpellier. The following genera are in- 

 cluded in this fauna, those which are extinct having an asterisk 

 prefixed. 



PRIMATES. Semnopithecus. 



* Dolichopithecus. 

 Macacus. 



INSECTIVORA. Sorex (Shrews). 

 CARNIVORA. *Machaerodus (Sabre-tooths). 



Felis (Cats). 



Viverra (Civets). 



Hyaena. 



Canis (Wolves and Foxes). 



* Hyaenarctus. 



1 Supra, p. 57. 



