VIIL] 



UNGULATA. 



2/9 



tives of this group occur in the Indian Plistocene ; and certain 

 generalised oxen from the Siwalik Hills and the Pliocene of 

 southern Europe, in which the females were generally or always 

 hornless, may have been the ancestral type. The Indian buffalo 

 (B. bubalus] is markedly distinct from the Ethiopian forms, and 

 has ancestral representatives in the Indian Pliocene and Plisto- 

 cene. While abundant in Ceylon, it is probably unknown in a 

 truly wild state to the east of the Bay of Bengal. The Philippine 

 buffalo, or tamarao (B. mindorensis) is regarded by some as a 



FIG. 64. JAPANESE SEROW (Nemorhadiis crispus}. 



cross between the last and the anoa of Celebes ; ancestral types of 

 the latter occurring, as already mentioned, in the Siwaliks. In the 

 same family the short-horned goats of the genus Hemitragus are 

 represented by two Indian species, one inhabiting the Himalaya 

 and the other the Nilgiris ; the third living species being south 

 Arabian. One extinct species occurs in the Siwaliks and a second 

 one in Perim Island, so that the group is essentially an Indian 

 one ; and, as already mentioned, its present distribution can only 



