284 THE ORIENTAL REGION. [CHAP. 



pangolins from all other mammals whatsoever ; and the Oriental 

 species are further characterised by having the median series of 

 scales on the body continued to the tip of the tail, and likewise by 

 the presence of numerous isolated hairs between the scales of the 

 back, as well as by the presence of small ears. Of the three 

 Oriental species, Manis javanica ranges from Burma through the 

 Malay Peninsula to Java and Borneo ; M. aurita extends from 

 Nipal to the Indo-Chinese sub-region ; while M. pentedactyla is 

 restricted to India and Ceylon. The most remarkable feature 

 connected with the distribution of the group is, however, the 

 circumstance that claw-bones indistinguishable from those of the 

 giant pangolin (M. giganted] of West Africa have been discovered 

 in a cavern in the Karnul district of Madras. 



In the following list the leading results of the foregoing survey 

 are put in tabular form, the italics indicating groups or species 

 peculiar to the region. 



I. Primates. 



Simia. Borneo and Sumatra ; fossil in India. 

 Hylobates. Burmese and Malayan ; fossil in European 

 Miocene. 



CERCOPITHECID^E. 



Macacus. Now mainly Oriental, but occurring on 



the southern borders of the Holarctic region ; 



fossil in the European and Indian Pliocene. 

 Semnopithecus. An outlying species in Eastern Tibet 



and one in Kashmir ; fossil in Pliocene of Europe 



and India. 

 Nasalis. Borneo. 



Nycticebus. Burmese, Malayan, and Indo-Chinese. 

 Loris. S. India and Ceylon. 



Elsewhere only in Celebes. 

 Tarsius. Malayan, extending into Celebes. 



