VIII.] AFFINITIES OF THE FAUNA. 2QI 



UNGULATA. Bos sondaicus. 



Tragulus javanicus. 



Tapirus. 

 EFFODIENTIA. Manis javanica. 



Other forms might be added to several of these lists, but 

 those included are sufficient for the purpose of showing that the 

 present mammalian fauna of India is a complex formed by an 

 admixture of western and eastern types. 



The first group is an essentially modern one, all the generic 

 types contained in it, with the exception of Erinaceus (which dates 

 from the Miocene), being unknown before the lower Pliocene ; 

 while, if we except Erinaceus and Golunda, all occur in the 

 Siwaliks. In the Carnivora, there is evidence of all the species 

 except the first three being descended from Siwalik ancestors ; 

 and it is quite probable that the three species of Felis may 

 trace their origin to felines which lived either in the Siwaliks or 

 Persia during the Pliocene, in which event the lion, and not 

 the tiger, should be regarded as the characteristic large Indian 

 feline. 



With the probable exception of Loris, the second group is 

 also a modern one ; all the forms save Loris and Golunda having 

 ancestral types in either the Pliocene or Plistocene of India, and 

 none of the genera being known before the former epoch. And it 

 may be mentioned here that the absence of so many of the smaller 

 types of Oriental mammals from the Siwaliks is no indication 

 that the genera did not flourish in India during the Pliocene age, 

 but is due to the strata being unsuited to the preservation of their 

 remains. The remarks applicable to the second group will like- 

 wise befit the third. 



On the other hand, the fourth and fifth groups appear to have 

 less connection with the Siwaliks, while several of the types are 

 older ones. For instance, we have no proof of the existence of 

 oxen nearly allied to Bos gaurus in the Siwaliks, although such 

 are found in the Indian Plistocene ; neither is there any evidence 

 of a Siwalik tapir. Tupaia is a near relative of the European 

 Miocene Galerix and the Oligocene Lanthanotherium ; as is 

 Gymnura of the Oligocene Necrogymnura ; while Hylobates is 



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