VIII.] SUB-REGIONS. 30 1 



certainly existing in a wild state in Sumatra, although it has been 

 considered that its occurrence in Borneo is due to human intro- 

 duction 1 . Although the Javan rhinoceros (J?. sondaicus}, as we 

 have seen, is common to eastern Bengal, Burma, and Java, its 

 reputed occurrence in either Borneo or Sumatra does not appear 

 to rest upon any solid basis of fact 2 ; while the Sumatran species 

 (R. sumatrensis], which is common to Borneo, is wanting from 

 Java. It has, indeed, been stated 3 that certain teeth from the 

 Plistocene of Borneo are referable to the last-named species, but 

 the molars of both kinds are so alike that it is almost, if not 

 quite, impossible to distinguish between them. A noteworthy 

 circumstance is that whereas there is no Siwalik species allied 

 to R. sumatrensis, yet R. sondaicus is almost indistinguishable 

 from the Siwalik R. sivalensis, and is thus proved to be a very 

 ancient Indian type. As another instance of the distinctness of 

 the mammalian fauna of Java from that of Borneo and Sumatra, 

 we may take the case of the banteng (Bos banteng}, which is 

 wanting 4 from both those islands, but is present in Java, the 

 Malay Peninsula, and Burma. Again, the genus Hemigale, of 

 which the type species is common to the Malay Peninsula, 

 Sumatra, and Borneo, is quite unknown in Java. That the latter 

 island was directly connected with the mainland is, of course, 

 proved by such species of existing mammals as are common to 

 the two areas ; but if further evidence be needed, it is to hand in 

 the fossil mammals which have been obtained from Pati-Ajam, in 

 Java 5 . These comprise Elephas trigonocephalus, E. bombifrons, 

 E. clifti, E. namadicus, E. hysudricus, Sus hysudricus, Bos siva- 

 lensis, and Cervus lydekkeri. With the exception of the first and 

 last (which may prove not to be distinct likewise), all these are 

 Indian forms, E. namadicus belonging to the Plistocene, while the 

 others pertain to the Siwalik fauna; and it may be added that 



1 Dr Wallace states that Ursus malayanus is absent from Java, but accord- 

 ing to Dr Blanford this is incorrect. 



2 See Jentink, Notes Leyden Museum, vol. xvi. p. 231 (1894). 



3 Busk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 409. 



4 In the Fauna of British India Mammalia, p. 490, Dr Blanford gives 

 Borneo, and perhaps Sumatra, as part of the habitat of the banteng, but the 

 animal is omitted from fauna of the former by Mr Everett. 



5 K. Martin, Sammlungen Geol. Reichsmusetuns in Leiden, vol. IV (1887). 



