IX.] EASTERN PLISTOCENE FAUNA. 329 



parts of England and France. For instance, the glutton, rein- 

 deer, Arctic fox, and musk-ox are animals whose presence seems 

 indicative of a more or less decidedly Arctic climate ; many of the 

 voles, picas, jerboas, and susliks, together with the saiga antelope, 

 appear to point with equal force to the prevalence of steppe-like 

 conditions ; while the hippopotamus and spotted hyaena seem as 

 strongly in favour of a subtropical state of things. Nevertheless, 

 remains of several of these groups have been found in such close 

 association as to leave no doubt that the animals lived and died 

 hard by where they are now buried. Much evidence on this point 

 has been collected by Sir H. H. Howorth 1 , who writes as follows : 

 " Cuvier, whose prejudices were the other way, was long ago con- 

 strained to write of the remains of reindeer found with those of 

 the mammoth and rhinoceros in the cave at Breugue : ' II ne faut 

 pas douter qu'il [the rhinoceros] n'ait dte enseveli avec lui [the 

 reindeer] a Breugue. Ses os y e'taient pele-mele avec ceux de ce 

 grand quadrupede, enveloppes dans la meme terre rouge, et 

 revetus en partie de la meme stalactite.' In the high-level 

 gravels of the Thames valley the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros 

 occurred with the Elephas antiquus ^ while in the low-level gravels 

 the Rhinoceros leptorhinus and the hippopotamus occurred with 

 the bison and the musk-ox 2 , together with a worked flint. 

 The lemming and the reindeer occurred with the lion and 

 hyaena at Bleadon, the lemming with the lion and hyaena 

 at Wookey-Hole. The reindeer and the grizzly bear were 

 associated with the hippopotamus at Cefn, and the E. antiquus 

 with the mammoth at Durdham Down. The hippopotamus and 

 the E. antiquus have been found with the reindeer and bison in 

 Kirk dale Cave ; the hippopotamus with the wild boar, the rein- 

 deer, the mammoth, and the E. antiquus at Brentford. Lartet 

 says that in France remains of the hippopotamus have been found 

 in one cave, that of Arcy, in which the reindeer has also occurred, 

 accompanied by a worked flint. At St Acheul and in the Somme 

 valley the same two animals have occurred together, and also at 

 Levallos, in the Seine valley. At Viry Noureuil, near Chauny 



1 The Mammoth and the Flood (London, 1887), pp. 114, 115. 



2 The author uses the term musk-sheep for this animal ; a few other verbal 

 alterations have been made in the quotation. 



