33 THE HOLARCriC REGION. [CHAP. 



(Aisne), the mammoth and Rhinoceros antiquitatis have occurred 

 with the hippopotamus, the reindeer, and the musk-ox. At 

 Bicetre, close to Paris, the lion is associated with northern voles, 

 a marmot, a lizard, and a snake. At Montmorency the mole and 

 the hedgehog have occurred with the hamster, the suslik, and the 

 pica. In Auvergne, M. Pomel has found an elephant and the 

 woolly rhinoceros with a cat, a suslik, and a hamster, together with 

 snakes, lizards, frogs, and with shells such as are still found in the 

 district. In Germany it is the same. At Westeregeln the lion 

 and the spotted hyaena, the mammoth and rhinoceros were found 

 with the marmot, the suslik, the lemming, the pica, and the rein- 

 deer. At Thiede, the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, the horse, the 

 ox, the reindeer, the Arctic fox, the lemming, and the pica; and 

 so we might continue throughout the majority of the German 

 caverns." 



Many attempts have been made to reconcile these apparently 

 contradictory facts ; one of the older views being that while the 

 tropical types of mammals lived during warm interludes, they 

 migrated southwards with the incoming of colder conditions to 

 give place to the more Arctic fauna. The associations mentioned 

 above render it, however, perfectly certain that such an explanation 

 is not the right one. On the other hand, it must be remembered 

 that there is yet much to be learnt about the effects of climate on 

 mammals ; and the mammalian fauna of the Tibetan plateau shews 

 that many types of animals formerly regarded as more or less 

 essentially tropical or sub-tropical are capable of withstanding a 

 winter climate of extreme severity. Thus in parts of Tibet, as 

 well as in Kashmir, langurs and macaques may be seen leaping 

 among the snow-clad branches of pines. Still it is perhaps diffi- 

 cult to understand how two such animals as the hippopotamus 

 and the reindeer could have inhabited the same locality contem- 

 poraneously 1 . 



In spite of this association of Arctic and sub-tropical forms, 

 there appears, however, to be evidence of a northern and southern 



1 The present writer is not prepared to accept the view of Mr A. H. Keane 

 (Mthnology, Cambridge Geographical Series, p. 65, 1896) that the reindeer has 

 only recently become adapted to a northern habitat. Among other circum- 

 stances, its remains are unknown from the Forest-bed. 



