332 THE HOLARCTIC REGION. [CHAP. 



Ungulata. 



Aurochs. Bos taurus, var. primigenius. 

 *Musk-Ox. Ovibos moschatus. 

 t Barbary Sheep. Ovis tragelaphus. 

 f Spanish Ibex. Capra pyrenaica. 



English Gazelle. Gazella anglica. 

 t Saiga Antelope. Saiga tartarica. 



Irish Deer. Cervus giganttus. 



f Hippopotamus. Hippopotamus amphibius. 



fPentland's Hippopotamus. ,, pentlandi. 



* Woolly Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros antiquitatis. 

 Megarhine ,, ,, megarhinus. 



fLeptorhine ,, ,, leptorhinus. 



t Etruscan ,, ,, etruscus. 



* Elasmothere. Elastnotherium sibiricum. 



* Mammoth. Elephas primigenius. 

 t Straight-tusked Elephant. antiquus. 



t Southern Elephant. meridionalis. 



( ,, melitensis. \ Maltese 



T Dwarf Elephants. ._ . . \ , . , 



( mnaidnensts. I Islands. 



t African Elephant. ,, africanus. 



In this list the Barbary ape is now confined to North Africa 

 and Gibraltar. The lion, although now restricted to Africa, India, 

 Persia, and Mesopotamia, ranged during the historic period into 

 Thessaly ; while the Kafir cat is solely African. The sabre- 

 toothed tiger of the caves was the last survivor of a genus common 

 in the Pliocene, which in the Plistocene is unknown further north 

 than Cromer. The spotted hyaena, whose remains are so abundant 

 in the English caves, is, as we have seen in an earlier chapter, now 

 restricted to southern Africa ; while the striped species, which 

 dates from the upper Pliocene, now ranges from north Africa to 

 India. The cave-bear, a gigantic extinct species, was distinguished 

 from the brown bear by the more complex structure of its molar 

 teeth. Of the Canidce, the European wild dog has its nearest living 

 ally in the Altai, the other species of the group being Oriental ; 

 while the European hunting-dog, which is known only by a single 

 jaw from the Glamorganshire caves, appears to have been closely 



