BOOK III. 75 



plain by the production of much silver that veins which extend from the 

 north to the south, with their heads rising toward the west, are no less rich 

 in metals than those whose heads rise toward the east. 



It may be denied that the heat of the sun draws the metallic material 

 out of these veins ; for though it draws up vapours from the surface of the 

 ground, the rays of the sun do not penetrate right down to the depths ; because 

 the air of a tunnel which is covered and enveloped by solid earth to the depth of 

 only two fathoms is cold in summer, for the intermediate earth holds in check 

 the force of the sun. Having observed this fact, the inhabitants and dwellers 

 of very hot regions lie down by day in caves which protect them from the 

 excessive ardour of the sun. Therefore it is unlikely that the sun draws 

 out from within the earth the metallic bodies. Indeed, it cannot even dry 

 the moisture of many places abounding in veins, because they are pro- 

 tected and shaded by the trees. Furthermore, certain miners, out of all 

 the different kinds of metallic veins, choose those which I have described, 

 and others, on the contrary, reject copper mines which are of this sort, so 

 that there seems to be no reason in this. For what can be the reason if the 

 sun draws no copper from copper veins, that it draws silver from silver veins, 

 and gold from gold veins ? 



Moreover, some miners, of whose number was Calbus 10 , distinguish 

 between the gold-bearing rivers and streams. A river, they say, or a stream, 

 is most productive of fine and coarse grains of gold when it comes from the 

 east and flows to the west, and when it washes against the foot of mountains 

 which are situated in the north, and when it has a level plain toward the 

 south or west. In the second place, they esteem a river or a stream which 

 flows in the opposite course from the west toward the east, and which has 

 the mountains to the north and the level plain to the south. In the third 

 place, they esteem the river or the stream which flows from the north to the 

 south and washes the base of the mountains which are situated in the east. 

 But they say that the river or stream is least productive of gold which flows 

 in a contrary direction from the south to the north, and washes the base of 



same book he gives the following further information with regard to these mines : " Now 



' if all the individual mines which have proved fruitful in our own times are weighed in 



' the balance, the one at Annaberg, which is known as the Himmelsch hoz, surpasses all 



' others. For the value of the silver which has been dug out has been estimated at 420,000 



' Rhenish gulden. Next to this comes the lead mine in Joachimsthal, whose name is the 



' Sternen, from which as much silver has been dug as would be equivalent to 350,000 Rhenish 



' gulden ; from the Gottsgaab at Abertham, explained before, the equivalent of 300,000. 



' But far before all others within our fathers' memory stands the St. George of Schneeberg, 



' whose silver has been estimated as being equal to two million Rhenish gulden." A Rhenish 



gulden was about 6.9 shillings, or, say, $1.66. However, the ratio value of silver to gold at 



this period was about 11.5 to one, or in other words an ounce of silver was worth about a 



gulden, so that, for purposes of rough calculation, one might say that the silver product 



mentioned in gulden is practically of the same number of ounces of silver. Moreover, it must 



be remembered that the purchasing power of money was vastly greater then. 



10 The following passage occurs in the Nutzlich Bergbuchlin (Chap. V.), which is interesting 



on account of the great similarity to Agricola's quotation : " The best position of the stream is 



' when it has a cliff beside it on the north and level ground on the south, but its current should 



' be from east to west that is the most suitable. The next best after this is from west to 



' east, with the same position of the rocks as already stated. The third in order is when the 



' stream flows from north to south with rocks toward the east, but the worst flow of water 



' for the preparation of gold is from south to north if a rock or hill rises toward the west." 



Calbus was probably the author of this booklet. 



