BOOK V. 



N the last book I have explained the methods of 

 delimiting the meers along each kind of vein, and 

 the duties of mine officials. In this book 1 I will 

 in like manner explain the principles of under- 

 ground mining and the art of surveying. First 

 then, I will proceed to deal with those matters 

 which pertain to the former heading, since both the 

 subject and methodical arrangement require it. 

 And so I will describe first of all the digging of 

 shafts, tunnels, and drifts on venae pro/undue ; next I will discuss the good 

 indications shown by canales 2 , by the materials which are dug out, and by 

 the rocks ; then I will speak of the tools by which veins and rocks are broken 

 down and excavated ; the method by which fire shatters the hard veins ; 

 and further, of the machines with which water is drawn from the shafts 

 and air is forced into deep shafts and long tunnels, for digging is impeded 

 by the inrush of the former or the failure of the latter ; next I will deal 

 with the two kinds of shafts, and with the making of them and of tunnels ; 

 and finally, I will describe the method of mining venae dilatatae, venae cumu- 

 latae, and stringers. 



*It has been suggested that we should adopt throughout this volume the mechanical 

 and mining terms used in English mines at Agricola's time. We believe, however, that but 

 a little inquiry would illustrate the undesirabOity of this course as a whole. Where there- 

 is choice in modern miner's nomenclature between an old and a modern term, we have leaned 

 toward age, if it be a term generally understood. But except where the subject described 

 has itself become obsolete, we have revived no obsolete terms. In substantiation of this 

 view, we append a few examples of terms which served the English miner well for centuries, 

 some of which are still extant in some local communities, yet we believe they would carry 

 as little meaning to the average reader as would the reproduction of the Latin terms coined 

 by Agricola. 



A perpendicular vein. 



Walls of the vein. 



Cracks in the walls. 



Gouge. 



Outcrop. 



Incline or underlay of the 

 vein. 



Impoverishment of the vein. 



A " horse " in a vein. 

 Pinching " of a vein. 



Rake 



Woughs 



Shakes 



Flookan 



Bryle 



Hade 



Slough 

 Sole 

 Stool 

 Winds | 

 Turn 

 Dippas ) 

 Grove 

 Dutins 



Drainage tunnel. 



Lowest drift. 



Face of a drift or stope. 



Winze. 



Shaft. 



Set of timber. 

 Stemple = Post or stull. 

 Laths = Lagging. 



Bawling 



Either 



Twitches 



As examples of the author's coinage and adaptations of terms in this book we may 

 cite : 



Fossa lalens - Drift. 



Fossa latens transversa = Crosscut. 

 Tectum = Hangingwall. 



Fundamentum - Footwall. 



Tigna per intervalla posita Wall plate. 

 Arbores dissectae Lagging. 



Formae = Hitches. 



We have adopted the term " tunnel " for openings by way of outlet to the mine. 

 The word in this narrow sense is as old as " adit," a term less expressive and not so generally 

 used in the English-speaking mining world. We have for the same reason adopted the word 

 " drift " instead of the term " level " so generally used in America, because that term always 

 leads to confusion in discussion of mine surveys. We may mention, however, that the term 

 " level " is a heritage from the Derbyshire mines, and is of an equally respectable age as "drift." 

 2 See note on p. 46-47. The canales, as here used, were the openings in the earth, in 

 which minerals were deposited. 



