538 BOOK XI. 



it forward and back, and by this means the water flows into the vacant 

 space in the copper, and he separates the cake from the rest of the mass. 

 If the copper is not perfectly smelted the cakes will be too thick, and can- 

 not be taken out of the crucible easily. Each cake is afterward seized by 

 the assistant with the tongs and plunged into the water in the tub ; the first 

 one is placed aside so that the master may re-melt it again immediately, for, 

 since some " slags " adhere to it, it is not as perfect as the subsequent ones ; 

 indeed, if the copper is not of good quality, he places the first two cakes aside. 

 Then, again pouring water over the wall and the pipes, he separates out the 

 second cake, which the assistant likewise immerses in water and places on 

 the ground together with the others separated out in the same way, which 

 he piles upon them. These, if the copper was of good quality, should be 

 thirteen or more in number ; if it was not of good quality, then fewer. If the 

 copper was of good quality, this part of the operation, which indeed is dis- 

 tributed into four parts, is accomplished by the master in two hours ; if of 

 mediocre quality, in two and a half hours ; if of bad quality, in three. The 

 " dried " cakes are re-melted, first in the first crucible and then in the 

 second. The assistant must, as quickly as possible, quench all the cakes 

 with water, after they have been cut out of the second crucible. Afterward 

 with the tongs he replaces in its proper place the iron plate which was in front 

 of the furnace, and throws the charcoal back into the crucible with a shovel. 

 Meanwhile the master, continuing his work, removes the wooden stick from 

 the bars of the bellows, so that in re-melting the other cakes he may accom- 

 plish the third part of his process ; this must be carefully done, for if a particle 

 from any iron implement should by chance fall into the crucible, or should 

 be thrown in by any malevolent person, the copper could not be made until 

 the iron had been consumed, and therefore double labour would have to be 

 expended upon it. Finally, the assistant extinguishes all the glowing- coals, 

 and chips off the dry lute from the mouth of the copper pipe with a hammer ; 

 one end of this hammer is pointed, the other round, and it has a wooden handle 

 five feet long. Because there is danger that the copper would be scattered if 

 the pompholyx and spodos, which adhere to the walls and the hood erected 

 upon them, should fall into the crucible, he cleans them off in the meantime. 

 Every week he takes the copper flowers out of the tub, after having poured off 

 the water, for these fall into it from the cakes when they are quenched. 28 



z *Pompholyx and spodos were impure zinc oxides (see note 26, p. 394). 



The copper flowers were no doubt cupric oxide. They were used by the Ancients for 

 medicinal purposes. Dioscorides (v, 48) says : " Of flowers of copper, which some call the 

 ' scrapings of old nails, the best is friable ; it is gold-coloured when rubbed, is like millet in 

 ' shape and size, is moderately bright, and somewhat astringent. It should not be mixed 

 ' with copper filings, with which it is often adulterated. But this deception is easily detected, 

 ' for when bitten in the teeth the filings are malleable. It (the flowers) is made when the 

 ' copper fused in a furnace has run into the receptacle through the spout pertaining to it, 

 ' for then the workmen engaged in this trade cleanse it from dirt and pour clear water over it 

 ' in order to cool it ; from this sudden condensation the copper spits and throws out the 

 ' aforesaid flowers." Pliny (xxxiv, 24) says : " The flower, too, of copper (eeris ftos) is 

 ' used in medicine. This is made by fusing copper, and then removing it to another furnace, 

 ' where the repeated blast makes the metal separate into small scales like millet, known as 

 ' flowers. These scales also fall off when the cakes of metal are cooled in water ; they become 

 ' red, too, like the scales of copper known as ' lepis,' by use of which the flowers of copper are 

 ' adulterated, it being also sold for it. These are made when hammering the nails that are 



