APPENDIX B. 



ANCIENT AUTHORS. 



We give the following brief notes on early works containing some reference to miner- 

 alogy, mining, or metallurgy, to indicate the literature available to Agricola and for historical 

 notes bearing upon the subject. References to these works in the footnotes may be most 

 easily consulted through the personal index. 



GREEK AUTHORS. Only a very limited Greek literature upon subjects allied to 

 mining or natural science survives. The whole of the material of technical interest could be 

 reproduced on less than twenty of these pages. Those of most importance are : Aristotle 

 (384-322 B.C.), Theophrastus (371-288 B.C.), Diodorus Siculus (ist Century B.C.), Strabo 

 (64 B.C. 25 A.D.), and Dioscorides (ist Century A.D.). 



Aristotle, apart from occasional mineralogical or metallurgical references in De Mira- 

 bilibus, is mostly of interest as the author of the Peripatetic theory of the elements and the 

 relation of these to the origin of stones and metals. Agricola was, to a considerable measure, 

 a follower of this school, and their views colour much of his writings. We, however, discuss 

 elsewhere 1 at what point he departed from them. Especially in De Ortu et Causis does he 

 quote largely from Aristotle's Meteorologica, Physica, and De Coelo on these subjects. There 

 is a spurious work on stones attributed to Aristotle of some interest to mineralogists. It was 

 probably the work of some Arab early in the Middle Ages. 



Theophrastus, the principal disciple of Aristotle, appears to have written at least two 

 works relating to our subject one " On Stones", and the other on metals, mining or metal- 

 lurgy, but the latter is not extant. The work " On Stones " was first printed in Venice in 

 1498, and the Greek text, together with a fair English translation by Sir John Hill, was 

 published in London in 1746 under the title "Theophrastus on Stones" ; the translation is, 

 however, somewhat coloured with Hill's views on mineralogy. The work comprises 120 

 short paragraphs, and would, if reproduced, cover but about four of these pages. In the 

 first paragraphs are the Peripatetic view of the origin of stones and minerals, and upon the 

 foundation of Aristotle he makes some modifications. The principal interest in Theophrastus' 

 work is the description of minerals ; the information given is, however, such as might be pos- 

 sessed by any ordinary workman, and betrays no particular abilities for natural philosophy. 

 He enumerates various exterior characteristics, such as colour, tenacity, hardness, smooth- 

 ness, density, fusibility, lustre, and transparence, and their quality of reproduction, and then 

 proceeds to describe various substances, but usually omits his enumerated characteristics. 

 Apart from the then known metals and certain " earths " (ochre, marls, clay, etc.), it is possible 

 to identify from his descriptions the following rocks and minerals : marble, pumice, onyx, 

 gypsum, pyrites, coal, bitumen, amber, azurite, chrysocolla, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, 

 quartz in various forms, lapis lazuli, emerald, sapphire, diamond, and ruby. Altogether there 

 are some sixteen distinct mineral species. He also describes the touchstone and its uses, the 

 making of white-lead and verdigris, and of quicksilver from cinnabar. 



Diodorus Siculus was a Greek native of Sicily. His " historical library " consisted of 

 some 40 books, of which parts of 15 are extant. The first print was in Latin, 1472, and in 

 Greek in 1539 ; the first translation into English was by Thomas Stocker, London, 1568, and 

 later by G. Booth, 1700. We have relied upon Booth's translation, but with some amend- 

 ments by friends, to gain more literal statement. Diodorus, so far as relates to our subject, 

 gives merely the occasional note of a traveller. The most interesting paragraphs are his 

 quotation from Agatharchides on Egyptian mining and upon British tin. 



Strabo was also a geographer. His work consists of 17 books, and practically all 

 survive. We have relied upon the most excellent translation of Hamilton and Falconer, 

 London, 1903, the only one in English. Mines and minerals did not escape such an acute 

 geographer, and the matters of greatest interest are those with relation to Spanish mines. 



Dioscorides was a Greek physician who wrote entirely from the standpoint of materia 

 medica, most of his work being devoted to herbs ; but Book V. is devoted to minerals and 

 rocks, and their preparation for medicinal purposes. The work has never been translated 

 into English, and we have relied upon the Latin translation of Matthioli, Venice, 1565, and notes 

 upon the Greek text prepared for us by Mr. C. Katopodes. In addition to most of the sub- 

 stances known before, he, so far as can be identified, adds schist, cadmia (blende or calamine), 

 chalcitis (copper sulphide), misy, melanteria, sory (copper or iron sulphide oxidation minerals). 

 He describes the making of certain artificial products, such as copper oxides, vitriol, litharge, 

 pompholyx, and spodos (zinc and/ or arsenical oxides). His principal interest for us, however, 

 lies in the processes set out for making his medicines. 



Occasional scraps of information relating to the metals or mines in some connection 

 are to be found in many other Greek writers, and in quotations by them from others which are 

 not now extant, such as Polybius, Posidonius, etc. The poets occasionally throw a gleam 



pages 44 and 46. 



