ADV 



and the A. capensis, are used by the Af- 

 ricans for raising- blisters. To these have 

 been added two other species, viz. the 

 miniata and the flammea. 



ADOXA, in botany, a genus of the Oc- 

 tandria Tetragynia class of plants, the 

 corolla of which is plain, and consists of 

 a single petal, divided into four oval acute 

 .segments, longer than the cup ; the fruit 

 is a globose berry, situated between the 

 calyx and corolla ; the calyx adheres to 

 its under part ; the berry is umbilicated, 

 and contains four cells; the seeds are 

 single and compressed. There is but a 

 single species, viz the A. moschatellina, 

 bulbous fumitory, which grows naturally 

 in shady places and woods, as in Hamp- 

 stead and Charlton woods; it is peren- 

 nial ; flowers in April and May. The 

 leaves soon after decay, and the flowers 

 smell like musk, on which account it has 

 sometimes been called musk-crowfoot. 



AD QUOD DAMNUM, in law, a writ 

 which ought t<- be issued before the king- 

 grants certain liberties, as a fair, market, 

 or the like ; ordering the sheriff to in- 

 quire by the country what damage such 

 a grant is like to be attended with. 



ADRIFT, in naval affairs, the state of 

 a vessel broken loose from her moorings, 

 and driven to and fro by the winds or 

 waves. 



ADVERB, adverbhnp, in grammar, a 

 word joined to verbs, expressing the man- 

 ner, time, &c. of an action ; thus, in the 

 phrase, it is conducive to health to rise 

 early; the word early is an adverb; and 

 so of others. 



ADVERSARIA, among the ancients, 

 was a book of accounts, not unlike our 

 journals or day books. 



ADVERSARIA is more particularly used, 

 among- men of letters, for a kind of com- 

 mon-place book, wherein they enter what- 

 ever occurs to them worthy of notice, 

 whether in reading or conversation, in the 

 order in which it occurs : a method which 

 Morbof prefers to that of digesting them 

 under certain heads. 



ADVOCATE, Lord, one of the officers 

 of state in Scotland, who pleads in all 

 causes of the crown, or wherein the king- 

 is concerned. 



The lord advocate sometimes happens 

 to be one of the lords of session ; in 

 which case, he only pleads in the king's 

 causes. 



ADVOWSON, in law, is the right of 

 patronage, or presenting to a vacant be- 

 nefice. 



-Advowsons are either appcndant, or 



111 gross. Appendant advowsons are 

 those which depend on a manor, or lands, 

 and pass as appurtenances of the same : 

 whereas advowson in gross is a right of 

 presentation subsisting by itself, belong- 

 ing to a person, and not to lands. 



In either case, advowsons are no les 

 the property of the patrons than their 

 landed estate : accordingly they may be 

 granted away by deed or will, and are 

 assets in the hands of executors. How- 

 ever, Papists and Jews, seized of any ad- 

 vowsons, are disabled from presenting; 

 the right of presentation being in this 

 case transferred to the chancellors of the 

 universities, or the bishop of the diocese, 



Advowsons are also presentative, colla- 

 tive, or donative. Presentative, where 

 the patron has a right of presentation to 

 the bishop or ordinary ; collative, where 

 the bishop is patron; and donative, where 

 the king, or any subject. This licence 

 founds a church or chapel, and ordains 

 that it shall be merely in the gift of the 

 patron. 



ADZE, a cutting tool, of the axe kind, 

 having its blade thin and arching, and its 

 edge at right angle to the handle ; chiefly 

 used for taking thin chips oft' timber, &c. 

 It is used by carpenters, but more fre- 

 quently by coopers. 



JECID1UM, in botany, a genus of the 

 Criptogamia Fungi class and order. Its 

 characters are, that it has a membranace- 

 ous sheath, smooth on both sides, and full 

 of naked separate sides. There are 18 

 species, of which several are found on 

 the leaves of other plants, and one of them 

 is known to agriculturalists by the name 

 of red gum. This species usually grows 

 upon the inside of the glumes of the 

 calyx, and of the exterior valvule of the 

 corolla, under their epidermes, which, 

 when the plant is ripe, bursts, and emits 

 a powder of a bright orange colour. 

 Other species grow on decaying wood and 

 mosses, and in the leaves of trussilago, 

 farfara, &c. 



JEGICERAS, a genus of thePentandria 

 Monogynia class and order : calyx five- 

 cleft ; petals five ; capsule curved; one- 

 celled ; one-valred ; one-seeded ; two 

 species found in the Moluccas. 



JEGILOPS, goafs face, in botany, a ge- 

 nus of the Triandria Digynia class and 

 order, and of the natural order of grasses 

 the characters are, that the hermaphro- 

 dite calyx is a large bivalvular glume, 

 sustaining 'three flowers ; the valves are 

 ovate, and streaked with various awns r 

 the nectary twb-leaved, with very small 



