ANATOMY. 



deltoides; 11. supraspinatus ; 12. infra- 

 spinatus: 13. teres major; 14. teres mi- 

 nor; 15. Subscapularis. 



Arm. 1. Biceps flexor cubiti -, 2. bra- 

 ehialis internus; 3. coracobrachialis; 4. 

 triceps extensor cubiti ; 5. anconeus. 



Fore-arm. 1. supinator radii longus ; 

 2, 3. extensor carpi radialis longior et 

 brevior ; 4. extensor carpi ulnaris ; 5. ex- 

 tensor communis digitorum manus ; 6. 

 extensor proprius auricularis; 7. abduc- 

 tor longus pollicis manus ; 8. extensor 

 major pollicis manus ; 9. extensor minor 

 poilicis; 10. indicator ; 11. flexor carpi 

 ulnaris ; 12. palmaris long-us ; 13. flexor 

 carpi radialis; 14. pronator radii teres; 

 15. flexor digitorum sublimis, or perfora- 

 tus ; 16. flexor profundus, or peiforans ; 

 17 to 20. musculi lumbricalcs ; 21. flexor 

 longus pollicis manus ; 22. supinator ra- 

 dii brevis; 23. pronator radii quadratus. 



Jfttsdes of the hand 1. abductor bre- 

 vis pollicis manus ; 2. opponens pollicis 

 manus ; 3. flexor brevis pollicis ; 4. ab- 

 ductor pollicis; 5. palmaris brevis; 6. 

 abductor digiti minimi: 7. flexor propri- 

 us dig-iii minimi ; 8. abductor ossis meta- 

 carpi digiti minimi ; 9 to 11. interossei 

 intern! manus ; 12 to 15. interossei exter- 

 ni manus. 



The muscles of the upper extremity 

 are 58. 



Muscles of the thigh 1. Tensor fasciae 

 latx ; 2. gluteus maximus ; 3 glutens 

 rnedius: 4. gluteus minimus ; 5. pyrifor- 

 mis ; 6, 7, geminus superior and inferior; 

 8. obdurator internus ; 9. quadratus femo- 

 ris ; 10. biceps flexor cruris ; 11. semi- 

 tendinosus ; 12. semimembranosus ; 13. 

 j)soas minor; 14. psoas major; 15. ilia- 

 cus internus ; 16. sartorius; 17. gracilis ; 

 18. rectus extensor cruris ; 19. vastus 

 externus ; 20. vastus internus; 21. cru- 

 ralis ; 22. pectineus ; 23. triceps abductor 

 fernoris; 24. obturator externus. 



Muscles of the leg. 1. Gastrocnemius 

 or gemellus ; 2. soleus ; 3. plantaris ; 4. 

 popliteus; 5. flexor longus digitorum pe- 

 dis; 6 to 9. lumbricales pcdis; 10. flexor 

 longus hallucis ; 11. tibialis posticus ; 

 12. peroneus longus; 13. peroneus bre- 

 vis ; 14. tabialis anticus ; 15. extensor 

 longus digitorurn pedis; 16. peroneus 

 tertius. 



Muscles of the foot. 1. Extensor pro- 

 prius hallucis; 2. extensor brevis digito- 

 rum pedis ; 3. flexor brevis digitorum 

 pedis; 4. abductor 1;: <nsvrr- 



sus pedis ; 8. abductor digiti minimi pe- 

 dis : 7. flexor bi-evis di?^ , :\'\ ;mni pedis ; 

 8 to 10. interossei interni pcdis ; 11 to 14. 

 f interossei extern! pedis. 



The muscles of the lower extremity 

 are 54 ; and the whole number of the 

 body 289. But as they are the same on 

 both sides, this must be doubled, which 

 will give 578 ; an enumeration which is 

 pretty nearly correct. 



ORGANS CONCERITED IN THE REDUCTION ASTD 

 ASSIMILATION OF THE FOOD. 



Organs of mastication and deglutition. 

 The two jaws, with their teeth, and the 

 tongue, are the principal agents in the 

 business of mastication. 



The articulation of the condyle of the 

 lower jaw with the glenoid cavity of the 

 temporal bone admits of the former part 

 being moved in various directions. Its 

 depression and elevation cause the open- 

 ing and shutting of the mouth. It can be 

 brought forwards and carried backwards; 

 and admits also of being moved to one 

 side or the other. It is by a combination 

 of these various motions that the food is 

 masticated, or reduced into a soft and 

 pulpy form. The different teeth which 

 are placed in various parts of the cavity 

 of the mouth are adapted, by their form 

 and situation, for various parts of the pro- 

 cess of mastication. The anterior ones, 

 which have a thin cutting edge, and in 

 which the superior overlap the inferior, 

 act like the blades of :\ pair of scissors. 

 These cut the food into smaller morsels ; 

 and serve us also in biting off a portion 

 from any mass of food which we may be 

 eating. The back teeth,have broad bases, 

 furnished with obtuse prominences ; and 

 they shut perpendicularly on each other. 

 These are therefore well adapted for the 

 grinding and trituration of the food. As 

 their office requires a greater muscular 

 force, they are placed in the back of the 

 mouth, near to the centre of motion, and 

 where , consequently, the action of the 

 muscles is felt with the greatest effect. 

 The cutting teeth are placed in front, at 

 a greater distance from the attachment 

 of the muscles, because their office does 

 not require so great a muscular exer- 

 tion. 



The tongue is of considerable utility in 

 contributing to mastication, as it serves to 

 move the food about in the cavity of the 

 mouth, and to subject it again to the ac- 

 tion of the grinding teeth, when it has 

 escaped from between their surfaces. 

 The muscles of this organ, which we have 

 enumerated in the myo!ogical division of 

 the article, give it a power of motion in 

 every direction. 



But the simple act of mastication would 



