ANATOMY. 



taella to the palate. The flat surface of 

 the septum may therefore be said to form 

 the inner side of the nostril ; and its outer 

 side presents three bony eminences, call- 

 ed the concha: narium, or turbinated 

 bones. 



Moreover, the following excavations or 

 sinuses open into the cavity at various 

 parts. Two frontal sinuses ; numerous 

 cells of the ethmoid bone ; two sphenoi- 

 dal sinuses ; and two great hollows in the 

 upper jaw-bone, called the antra,or max- 

 iliary sinuses. 



The front openings of the nostrils are 

 well known. This aperture is heart-shap- 

 ed in the skeleton, the broadest part be- 

 ing towards the mouth ; but it is much al- 

 tered in the recent subject by the apposi- 

 tion of pieces of cartilage, the broadest of 

 which are the lateral portions, termed alse 

 nasi. Behind, the nostrils open by large 

 apertures into the upper and anterior part 

 of the pharynx, above the velum pendu- 

 lum palati. 



The sides of the bony cavity just de- 

 scribed are covered by a thick, soft, and 

 very vascular membrane, called mem- 

 brana schneideriana, or pituitaria. Its 

 surface is constantly moistened by a se- 

 cretion of mucus from the arteries, with 

 which it is very copiously supplied. This 

 prevents the effects which the current of 

 air in respiration would otherwise pro- 

 duce, of drying the membrane. It is only 

 an increased quantity of this secretion, 

 altered too somewhat in its quality, that 

 is discharged from the nose in colds, and 

 which is popularly supposed to come from 

 the brain. This membrane extends into the 

 cells which communicate with the nose, 

 but is thinner and less vascular there. 



The ethmoidal cells open into the cavi- 

 ty of the nose, partly above, and partly 

 under, the loose edge of the superior tur- 

 binated bone. The frontal sinuses open 

 into the front of these cells ; and the 

 sphenoidal sinuses into the back part of 

 them. The antrum maxillare has a round 

 opening between the two turbinated 

 bones. The nasal duct opens under the 

 inferior of these bones: and the expand- 

 ed orifice of the eustachian tube is just at 

 the communication between the back of 

 the nose and the pharynx. 



The filaments of the olfactory nerves, 

 having penetrated the cribriform lamella, 

 are distributed to the pituitary membrane 

 that covers the septum nasi and superior 

 turbinated bone. 



. Several small branches from the fifth 

 pair are also distributed on the nose, at 

 different parts. 



OTIGA?T Of TASTE. 



It would be a waste of words to de- 

 scribe the situation and form of the tongue. 

 This organ presents a most interesting 

 subject to the physiologist, from the con- 

 cern which it has in the functions of mas- 

 tication, deglutition, and articulation, be- 

 sides that it constitutes the organ of the 

 sense of taste. 



Its bulk is made up of numerous mus- 

 cles, which are distinct at their origin, but 

 become mixed and confused at their in- 

 sertion into the tongue. The union of these 

 fibres with each other, and with the fatty 

 substance which connects them, consti- 

 tutes the peculiar substance of the 

 tongue. It is covered externally by a 

 continuation of the common membrtne of 

 the mouth. This membrane, however, on 

 the edges, tip, and upper surface of the 

 organ, is covered with small projecting 

 processes, called papilla:, in .which the 

 sense of taste resides. 



Towards the back of the tongue seve- 

 ral mucous glands are found, with open- 

 ings that would admit a bristle. These 

 secrete a fluid, to facilitate the passage of 

 the food through the isthmus faucium. 



Next to these openings, and still at the 

 posterior part of the organ, are found 

 eight or ten large papillae, arranged in the 

 form of the letter V, with the pointed 

 part towards the throat. These are the 

 papillae magnse or capitatae. They consist 

 of a round body, surrounded by a circu- 

 lar fold of membrane. These also are 

 mucous glands. 



The most numerous class of papillje are 

 those which occupy the sides and tip of 

 the tongue. These are the smallest in 

 size, so as to have been compared to the 

 villi of the skin ; and conical in shape. 

 They are called papilla: conicae or villosae. 

 Among these a few larger ones are scat- 

 tered, the papillae semilenticulares. 



The tongue receives three large nerves 

 on each side ; 1st, the glossopharyngeal 

 branch of the eighth pair, distributed to 

 the back of the tongue and upper part of 

 the pharynx : 2ndly, the lingual nerve, 

 or nerve of the 9th pair, which supplies 

 the muscles: and Srdly, the lingual 

 branch of the inferior maxillary, which 

 goes to the papillae chieHy. 



ORGAIf OF THE SF.XSE OF TOUCH. 



This sense may be considered, in the 

 most enlarged acceptation of the term, as 

 residing- in the surface of the body in ge- 

 neral : in a more limited view, we regard 



