ANTIQUITIES. 



merits of Anglo-Norman architecture ; 

 and the castles are numerous and well 

 known. What is called the Gothic, or 

 pointed arch, is generally supposed to 

 have first appeared in the thirteenth cen- 

 tury, and in the next it became universal 

 in religious edifices. The windows dif- 

 fused to great breadth and loftiness, and 

 divided into branching interstices, enrich- 

 ed with painted glass ; the clustering 

 pillars, of excessive height, spreading in- 

 to various fret-work on the roof, consti- 

 tute, with decorations of smaller note, 

 what is called the rich Gothic style, visi- 

 ble in the chapel of King's college at 

 Cambridge, and many other grand speci- 

 mens in this kingdom. The spire cor- 

 responds with the interior, and begins 

 about the thirteenth century to rise bold- 

 ly from the ancient tower, and diminish 

 from the sight in gradation of pinnacles 

 and ornaments. 



We now proceed to Scotland, the origi- 

 nal population of which is supposed upon 

 good authority to consist of Cimbri, from 

 the Cimbric Chersonese. About two cen- 

 turies before the Christian sera, the Cim- 

 bri seem to have been driven to the south 

 of Scotland by the Caledonians, or Picti, a 

 Gothic colony from Norway. The Cimbri, 

 a congenerous people with the Welch, 

 continue d to hold the country south of 

 the two firths of Forth and Clyde ; but 

 from the former region they were soon 

 expelkd by the Picti, who, in this corner, 

 becau,e subject for a time to the Anglo- 

 Saxon kings of Bernicia. On the West, 

 the Cumraig kingdom of Strath Clyde 

 continued till the tenth century, when it 

 became subject to the kings of North 

 Britain ; who at the same time extended 

 their authority, by the permission of the 

 English monarch, over the counties of 

 Cumberland and Westmoreland, which, 

 abounding with hills and fortresses on the 

 south and east, were little accessible to the 

 English power, and, while the Danes pos- 

 sessed the country to the north of Hum- 

 ber, could yield little revenue or support 

 to the Anglo-Saxon monarchs. From the 

 Picti originates the population of the Low- 

 lands of Scotland, the Lowlanders having 

 been in all ages a distinct people from 

 those of the western Highlands, though 

 the Irish clergy endeavored to render 

 their language, which was the most smooth 

 and cultivated of the two, the polite dia- 

 logue of the court and superior classes. 

 About the year of Christ 258, the Dalri- 

 ads of Bede, the Attacotti of the Roman 

 writers, passed from Ireland to Argyle- 

 /Oiire, and became the germ of the Scot- 



tish Highlanders, who speak the Irish 01* 

 Celtic language, while the Lowlanders 

 have always used the Scandinavian or Go- 

 thic. In reference to the antiquities of 

 the country, Mr. Pinkerton divides the 

 early history into seven distinct periods, 

 viz. 1. The original population of Scot- 

 land by the Cimbri and by the Picti. 2. 

 The entrance of Agricola into Scotland, 

 and the subsequent conflicts with the Ro- 

 mans, till the latter abandoned Britain. 

 3. The settlement of the Dalriads, or At- 

 tacotti, in Argyleshire, about the year 

 258, and their repulsion to Ireland about 

 the middle of the fifth century. 4. The 

 commencement of what may be called a 

 regular history of Scotland, from the 

 reign of Drust, A. D. 414. 5. The return 

 of the Dalraids, A. D. 503, and the sub- 

 sequent events of Dalriadic story. 6. 

 The introduction of Christianity among 1 

 the Caledonians, in the reign of Brudi II. 

 A. D. 565. 7. The union of the Picti and 

 Attacotti, under Kenneth, A. D. 843, after 

 which greater civilization began to take 

 place, and the history becomes more au- 

 thentic. The monuments of antiquity 

 belonging to these epochs may be consi- 

 dered in the following order. Of the first 

 epoch, no monuments can exist except 

 those ef the tumular kind ; and it is im- 

 possible to ascertain the period of their 

 formation. The remains of the Roman 

 period in North Britain chiefly appear in 

 the celebrated wall built in the reign of 

 Aiitoninus Pius, between the firths of 

 Forth and Clyde, in the ruins of which 

 many curious inscriptions have been 

 found. Another striking object of this 

 epoch was a small edifice, vulgarly called 

 Arthur's oven, which seems rightly to 

 have been regarded by some antiquaries 

 as a small temple dedicated to the god 

 Terminus, probably after the erection of 

 the wall of Antoninus; for we are not to 

 conceive these walls were the absolute 

 lines beyond which the Romans possessed 

 no territory ; while, on the contrary, in 

 the pacific intervals, the garrisons along 

 the wall may have claimed the forage of 

 the exterior fields ; and the stream of 

 Carron, beyond which this chapel stood, 

 may have been considered as a necessary 

 supply of water. The remains of the wall 

 and forts, and other Roman antiquities, in 

 Scotland, particularly their camps and 

 stations, many of which are remarkably 

 entire, are ably illustrated in a late publi- 

 cation of General Roy; but the ingenious 

 author has perhaps too implicitly followed 

 a common antiquarian error, in ascribing 

 al] these camps, stations, 8cc. to Agricola, 



