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light in reflecting, make the angle of in- 

 cidence equal to the angle of reflection, 

 we deduce the whole science of catop- 

 trics ; for, this fact being established, ca- 

 toptrics becomes a science purely geome- 

 trical, since it is reduced to the compari- 

 son of angles and lines given in position. 



APPOINTEE, in heraldry, the same as 

 aguisee : thus we say, a cross appointee, 

 to signify that which has two angles at 

 the end cut off, so as to terminate in 

 points. 



APPORTIONMENT, in law, the divi- 

 sion of a rent into parts, in the same man- 

 ner as the land out of which it issues is 

 divided : for example, if a person leases 

 three acres of land for a certain rent, and 

 afterwards grants away one acre thereof 

 to another, the rent shall be apportioned 

 between them. 



APPOSITION, in grammar the placing 

 two or more substantives together in the 

 same case, without any copulative con- 

 junction between them ; &s,ardebat Alex- 

 im delicias domini. 



APPRAISING, the valuing or setting a 

 price on goods. This is usually done by 

 a sworn appraiser, who, if he values the 

 goods too high is obliged to take them at 

 the price appraised. 



APPREHENSION, in logic, thefirstor 

 most simple act of the mind, whereby it 

 perceives, or is conscious of some idea : 

 it is more usually called preception. 



APPRENTICE, a young person bound 

 by indenture to some tradseman, in order 

 to be instructed, in the mystery or trade. 

 By the laws of England, a master may be 

 indicted for not providing for, or for turn- 

 ing away, his apprentice : and upon com- 

 plaint from a master, that he neglects his 

 duty, an apprentice may be committed to 

 Bridewell, or be bound over to the ses- 

 sions. Apprentices may be bound to hus- 

 bandmen,or even to gentlemen of fortune 

 and clergymen, who, as well as trades- 

 men, arecompellableto take the children 

 of the poor, under a penalty of 10Z. And 

 the church-wardens and overseers, with 

 the consent of two justices, may bind 

 them till the age of 21 years. Justices 

 may compel certain persons under age to 

 be bound apprentices, and on refusal may 

 commit them. Apprentices may be dis- 

 charged on reasonable cause, either at 

 their own request, or that of their masters. 

 If any, whose premium has been less than 

 ten pounds, run away from their masters, 

 they arecompellableto serve out the time 

 of absence, or give satisfaction for it, any 

 period within seven years after the expi- 

 ration of the original contract. Indentures 



are to be stamped, and are chargeable 

 with several duties by act of parliament. 

 APPRENTICESHIP, denotes the ser- 

 vitude of an apprentice, or the duration of 

 his indenture. The competition in seve- 

 ral employments is restrained to a smaller 

 number than would otherwise be disposed 

 to enter into them, partly by the limitation 

 of the number of apprentices, which at- 

 tends the exclusive privilege of incorpo- 

 rated trades ; and partly by the long term 

 of apprenticeship, which increases the ex- 

 pense of education. Seven years seem for- 

 merly to have been, all over Europe, the 

 usual term established for the duration of 

 apprenticeships in the greater number of 

 incorporated trades. Such incorporations 

 were anciently called universities, which 

 is the proper Latin name for any incorpo- 

 ration whatever. The university of smiths, 

 the university of tailors, &c. are expres- 

 sions commonly occurring in the old char- 

 ters of ancient towns. When those parti- 

 cular incorporations, which are now pecu- 

 liarly called universities, were first esta- 

 blished, the term of years during which it 

 was necessary to study, in order to obtain 

 the degree of Master of Arts, appears evi- 

 dently to have been copied from the term 

 of apprenticeship in common trades, of 

 which the incorporations were much more 

 ancient. As to have wrought seven years 

 under a master, properly qualified, was 

 necessary to entitle any person to become 

 a master, and to have himself apprentices, 

 in a common trade, so to have studied 

 seven years under a master, properly qua- 

 lified, was necessary, to enitle him to be- 

 come a master, teacher, or doctor, (words 

 anciently synonymous,) to study under 

 him. By the 5th of Elizabeth, commonly 

 called the statute of apprenticeship, it was 

 enacted, that no person should for the fu- 

 ture exercise any trade, craft, or mystery, 

 at that time exercised in England, unless 

 he had previously served to it an appren- 

 ticeship of seven years at least ; and thus, 

 what before had been the bye-law of ma- 

 ny particular corporations, became in 

 England the general and public law of 

 all trades carried on in market-towns. To 

 country villages the term of seven years 

 apprenticeship doth not extend $ but the 

 limitation of this statute to trades exer- 

 cised before it was passed has given oc- 

 casion to several distinctions, which, con- 

 sidered as rules of police, appear as fool- 

 ish as can well be imagined. A coach- 

 maker, for instance, has no right to make, 

 or employ journeymen for making 1 coach- 

 wheels : but he must buy them of a mas- 

 ter wheel-right, this latter trade having- 



