ARCHITECTURE. 



the cornice, which comprehends the dis- 

 tance between the fillet of the echinus or 

 crowning moulding and the under side of 

 the guttx ; divide the remaining three in- 

 to two equal parts, giving one to the 

 height of the frize, as seen in front, and 

 one to the architrave. 



The Doric order was the only order 

 known in Greece, or its colonies, anterior 

 to the Macedonian conquest. The Ionic 

 succeeded, and appears to have been the 

 favourite order, not only in Ionia, but all 

 ovti Asia Minor. The Corinthian (says 

 Mr. Wood) came next in vogue, and most 

 of the buildings of this order seem poste- 

 rior to the time of the conquest of those 

 countries by the Romans. The first Doric 

 budding was the temple of Juno, erected 

 by Dorus, king of Achaia, and Pelopon- 

 nesus in the ancient city of Argos, from 

 whom this order derives its name. It was 

 also used in other cities of this prince's 

 dominions, but its proportions were not 

 established, till an Athenian colony erect- 

 ed a temple to Apollo Panionos, in Ionia, 

 so called from Ion, their leader, after the 

 form of the temples they had seen in 

 Achaia. In this building the relative di- 

 mensions of the columns were adjusted, 

 from the ratio which the foot of a man 

 bears to its height, making their diame- 

 ter one-sixth part of their altitude. 



Ionic Order. The ambitious desire of 

 novelty soon led the way to the invention 

 of another species; and, in erecting the 

 temple of Diana, they sought a new or- 

 der from similar traces, imitating the 

 proportion and dress of women. The 

 diameter of the columns was made an 

 eighth part of their height ; the base was 

 made with folds representing the shoe ; 

 the capitals with volutes, in form of the 

 curled hair worn upon the right and left ; 

 and the cymatium, for the locks pending 

 on the forehead from the crown. This 

 new order they called Ionic, after the 

 name of the country in which it was in- 

 vented, so far as we are informed by Vitru- 

 vius. It is probable, that, in erecting this 

 temple, the triglyphs and mutules, the 

 bold characteristic marks of the original 

 hut, wSuld be omitted, and the more de- 

 licate dentils, representing the ends of 

 the lath to which the tyles were fixed, 

 employed, representing a beautiful row 

 of teeth ; for in all the ancient Ionian 

 fragments of this order we find the cor- 

 nices constantly denticulated, and there- 

 fore the dentils are no less characteristic 

 marks than the capitals : they are gene- 

 rally omitted, however, in the remains of 

 those to be found at Athens. The other 

 parts and proportions of the Ionian order 



are more arbitrary than in the Dorian. 

 The parts of the Ionic order on the tem- 

 ple by the Ilyssus are few, and of a bold 

 character ; the height of the volutes is 

 three-fifths, and the whole height of the 

 capital two-thirds, of the diameter of the 

 column. 



The architrave consists of one broad 

 facia, and its crowning cymatium : the 

 parts of the cornice as seen in front are, 

 the corona, including its cymatium, and 

 sima. The capital, or cymatium of the 

 frize, is wrought under the cornice, and 

 consists of a sima reversa, and bead below 

 it. The height of the architrave is about 

 two-fifths of the entablature; and by divid- 

 ing the upper three-fifths again into five 

 parts, the plain part of the frize will 

 occupy three parts, and the cornice two 

 parts. 



In the Ionic order of the temple of 

 Erechtheus, and of the temple of Minerva 

 Polias, the architrave consists of three fa- 

 cix, and cymatium ; the cymatium of the 

 frize is mostly wrought under the corona. 

 If the height of the entablature from the 

 bottom of the lower facia to the top of 

 the cymatium of the corona be divided 

 into nineteen parts, the architrave and 

 the part of the frize that is seen will each 

 be eight parts, and the corona, including 

 the larymer and cymatium, the other 

 three parts. The volutes of the capitals 

 of these orders, both for singularity and 

 beauty, exceed every other remain of an- 

 tiquity, x 



The Asiatic Ionian order differs great- 

 ly from the Attic one. In most of the re- 

 mains of this order, as represented in the 

 Ionian antiquities, the frizes are all want- 

 ing, except in one example ; and conse- 

 quently the whole height of the entabla- 

 ture of those without the frizes cannot be 

 ascertained, though the architraves and 

 cornices belonging to each other have 

 been accurately measured. The one 

 which has the entire entablature belongs 

 to the great theatre at Laodicea : the 

 frize is pulvinated, and is something less 

 in height than one-fifth of that of the en- 

 tablature. The architraves of the temple 

 of Bacchus at Teos, and the temple of 

 Minerva Polias atPriene, are each divid- 

 ed into three faciae below the cymatium. 

 In all the Asiatic Ionics the crowning 

 moulding is constantly a sima recta, of a 

 less projection than it has height : the 

 dentils are never omitted, and their 

 height is nearly a mean proportion be- 

 tween the height of the sima recta and 

 that of the larymer, corona, or drip, being 

 always greater than the height of the co- 

 rona, and less than that of sima recta. 



