ARCHITECTURE. 



this order. In the former the scotiac are 

 inverted, which gives a greater variety in 

 the profile than when both stand in the 

 same position, as in the Vitruvian base. 

 The lonians, besides the base which they 

 appropriated to this order, sometimes 

 used the Attic base also, as in the temple 

 of Bacchus at Teos. This base seems 

 not only to have been the most favourite 

 one among the ancients, but is likewise 

 so among- the moderns. It is not so heavy 

 in the upper part as that denominated 

 Ionic : its contour is pleasing, and its ge- 

 neral appearance elegant. In the capitals 

 of the Athenian Ionics, and in that of Mi- 

 nerva Polias at Priene, the lower edge of 

 the canal between the volutes is formed 

 into a graceful curve, bending downward 

 in the middle, and revolving round the 

 spirals which form the volute upon each 

 side. In the the temple of Erectheus and 

 Minerva Polias at Athens, each volute has 

 two channels, formed by two spiral bor- 

 ders, and a spiral division between them. 

 The border which forms the exterior of 

 the volute, and that which forms the un- 

 der side of the lower canal, leaves be- 

 tween them a deep recess, or spiral 

 groove, which continually diminishes in 

 its breadth, till it is entirely lost on the 

 side of the eye. In the example of the 

 temple of Erectheus, the column is ter- 

 minated with a fillet and astragal a little 

 below the lower edg-es of the volutes, and 

 that of Minerva Polias in the same man- 

 ner with a single fillet; and the colorino 

 or neck of each is charged with beautiful 

 honeysuckles, formed alike in alternate 

 succession, but differing from each other 

 in any two adjacent ones. The upper an- 

 nular moulding of the column is of a se- 

 micircular section, and embellished with 

 a guilloche. The echinus, astragal, and 

 fillet, are common to both Grecian and 

 Roman Ionic capitals, and the echinus is 

 uniformly cut into eggs, surrounded with 

 borders of angular sections, and into 

 tongues between every two borders. The 

 astragal is formed into a row of beads, 

 with two small ones between every two 

 large ones. These mouldings are cut in 

 a similar manner in all the Roman build- 

 ings, except the Coliseum, and what re- 

 lates to the taste of the foliage. In the 

 temple of Bacchus at Teos, the great 

 theatre at Laodicea, and in all the Roman 

 Ionics, the channel connecting the two 

 volutes is not formed with a border on 

 the lower edge, but is terminated with a 

 horizontal line, which falls a tangent to 

 the second revolution of each volute at the 

 commencement of this revolution. The 



reader will find the description of the v- 

 lute among the descriptions of the plates. 

 When columns are introduced in the 

 flanks of a buildin^ as well as in the 

 front, one of the capitals of each angular 

 column is made to face both the conti- 

 guous sides of the building, with two vo- 

 lutes upon each side, projecting the two 

 adjacent volutes, by bending them in a 

 concave curve towards the angle, as in 

 the temple of Bacchus at Teos, of Miner- 

 va Polias at Priene, of Erectheus, and 

 that on the Ilyssus at Athens, as also that 

 of the Manly Fortune at Home. The ca- 

 pitals of all the columns are sometimes 

 made to face the four sides of ihe abacus 

 alike on each side, as in the temple of 

 Concord at Rome, from which example 

 the Scammozz'.an capital was formed. 

 The ancients employed this order in tem- 

 ples dedicated to Juno, Bacchus, Diana, 

 and other deities, whose character held 

 a medium between the severe and the 

 effeminate ; and the moderns employ it 

 in churches consecrated to female saints 

 in a matronal state ; also in courts of jus- 

 tice, seminaries, libraries, and other 

 structures which have a relation to the 

 arts. 



Corinthian Order. The invention of this 

 order was attributed to one Callimachus, 

 an Athenian sculptor, who, passing by 

 the tomb of a young lady, observed an 

 acanthus growing up by the sides of a 

 basket, which was covered with a tile and 

 placed upon the tomb, and that the tops 

 of the leaves were bent downwards by 

 the resistance of the tile, took the hint, 

 and executed some columns with foliated 

 capitals, near Corinth, which were made 

 still of a more slender proportion than 

 the Ionic, imitating the figure and delica- 

 cy of virgins. Vitruvius mentions that 

 the shafts of Corinthian columns have the 

 same symmetry as the Ionic, and that the 

 difference of the symmetry between the 

 entire columns arises only from the dif- 

 ference of the heights of their capitals, 

 the Ionic being one-third, and the Corin- 

 thian the whole diameter of the shaft, 

 which, therefore, makes the height of the 

 Corinthian two-thirds of a diameter more 

 than that of the Ionic; hence, as he has 

 allowed the Ionic to be eight diameters, 

 the Corinthian will be eight and two- 

 thirds. 



The sides of the abacus of the Corin- 

 thian capital are concave, and moulded 

 on the fronts. 



The lower part of the capital consists 

 of two rows of leaves, and each row of 

 eight plants ; one of the upper leaves 



