ARCHITECTURE. 



sent the figures of captives, or else of 

 martial virtues, such as Strength, Valour, 

 Wisdom, Prudence, Fortitude, and the 

 like. As these figures should be of a 

 striking character, they may be of any co- 

 lossal size that will agree with the archi- 

 tecture of the other parts of the buildings. 

 In composing Caryatides, the most grace- 

 ful attitudes and pleasant features should 

 be chosen : and, to prevent stiffness, their 

 drapery and features should be varied 

 from each other, in the different figures 

 of the range ; yet a general form of figure 

 should be preserved throughout the 

 whole of them. 



Caryatides should always be of a mode- 

 rate size, otherwise they might appear hi- 

 deous to the fair sex, and destroy those 

 endearments so fascinating in the sex re- 

 presented by them. They may be em- 

 ployed, as Le Clerc observes, to sustain 

 the covering of a throne, and represented 

 under the figures and symbols of heroic 

 virtues: if to adorn a sacred building, 

 they must have an affinity to religion ; and, 

 when placed in banqueting rooms, ball 

 rooms, or other apartments of recreation, 

 they should be of kinds proper to inspire 

 mirth and promote festivity. As Termini 

 are susceptible of a variety of decorations, 

 they may be employed as embellishments 

 for gardens and fields, representing Jupi- 

 ter as protector of boundaries, or some 

 of the rural deities, as Pan, Flora, Pomo- 

 na, Vertumnus, Ceres, Priapus, Faunus, 

 Sylvanus, Nymphs, and Satyrs. 



'They are also much employed in chim- 

 ney-pieces, and other interior composi- 

 tions. 



Orders above Orders. When two or more 

 orders are placed one above the other, 

 the laws of solidity require that the 

 strongest should be placed lowermost; and 

 also, that their axes should be in the same 

 vertical lines. When the columns of 

 the orders are of the same diameter, 

 their altitudes increase from the Tuscan, 

 Doric, and Ionic, to the Corinthian ; and, 

 consequently, in this progression, the Tus- 

 can is stronger than the Doric, the Doric 

 stronger than the Ionic, and the Ionic 

 stronger than the Corinthian : therefore, if 

 the Doric be the lowest order, the Ionic 



the succeeding order ; and if there be 



third order, the Corinthian is in conse- 

 quence the next. But since the different 

 stones of a building should rather be of a 

 decreasing progression upwards, than 

 even of an equal altitude to each other, it 

 follows that the superior columns should 

 not only be diminished, in order to lessen 

 'the insisting weight from the inferior, but 



VOL. I. 



also to accommodate the heights of win- 

 dows. 



The rule given by Vitruvius (b. v. c. 7.) 

 for placing one order above another, is, 

 to make the columns of the superior or- 

 der a fourth part less in height than those 

 of the inferior. 



Scamozzi's rule is, to make the diame- 

 ter at the bottom of the shaft of the supe- 

 rior order equal to the upper diameter 

 of the inferior order. 



Let us now suppose that the Ionic of 

 nine diameters is to be raised upon the 

 Doric of eight diameters, as in the Roman 

 Doric ; according to the rule given by Vi- 

 truvius, the bottom diameter of the Ionic 

 will be two-thirds of that of the Doric, a 

 quantity much less than is to be found in 

 any ancient or modern examples of the 

 diminution of the Doric shaft ; which di- 

 minution is the lower diameter of the su- 

 perior order, by Schamozzi's ruTe. 



In insulated columns, when the diminu- 

 tion of the superior order is very great, 

 the intercolumn becomes so wide, and the 

 entablature so small, and consequently 

 weaker, that it is in clanger of breaking ; 

 and if a third range is added, this defect 

 must be increased The Vitruvian rule is 

 therefore not so applicable as the Scamoz- 

 zian, which, for the above reasons, is uni- 

 versally esteemed 'he best, and is the 

 same as if the several shafts had been cut 

 out from one long tapering tree ; on the 

 other hand, when the diminution of the 

 inferior diameter of the superior order is 

 too little, or nothing, the columns will not 

 only be too high for the windows, but the 

 lower order will be loaded with unneces- 

 sary weight. Let the stronger order be 

 made the superior ; for example, let the 

 Doric be placed upon the Ionic, and al- 

 lowing the shaft of it to diminish five- 

 sixths of its bottom diameter, the height 

 of the Doric column will be only 6 2-3ds 

 diameters of the Ionic below : this would 

 not only make a complete Attic of the 

 Doric, but would render the application 

 of the orders in this inverted way use'ess, 

 as they could not be made to accommodate 

 the stories of the building, nor could the 

 upper ranges support their own entabla- 

 tures, which must be the consequence 

 in insulated columns. 



When the front of a building is to have 

 two or more orders in the altitude, the suc- 

 cession ought to be complete, otherwise 

 the harmony will be destroyed by the vio- 

 lent contrast of the parts. When columns 

 are attached, a recedure of the superior 

 order will not offend the eye in any great 

 degree, nor will the solidity of the struc- 



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