ARITHMETIC. 



As it is of great consequence in busi- 

 ness to perform addition readily and ex- 

 actly, the learner ought to practise it till 

 it become quite familiar. If the learner 

 can readily add any two digits, he will 

 soon add a digit to a higher number with 

 equal ease. It is only to add the unit 

 place of that number to the digit, and if 

 it exceed ten, it raises the amount accord- 

 ingly. Thus, because 8 and 6 are 14, 48 

 and 6 are 54. It will be proper to mark 

 down under the sums of each column, in 

 a small hand, the figure that is carried to 

 the next column. This prevents the trou- 

 ble of going over the whole operation 

 again, in case of interruption or mistake. 

 If you want to keep the account clean, 

 mark down the sum and figure you carry 

 on a separate paper, and after revising 

 them, transcribe the sum only. After 

 some practice, we ought to acquire the 

 habit of adding two or more figures at 

 one glance. This is particularly useful 

 when two figures which amount to 10, as 

 6 and 4, or 7 and 3, stand together in the 

 column. Every operation in arithmetic 

 -ought to be revised, to prevent mistakes; 

 and as one is apt to fall into the same 

 mistake if he revise it in the same man- 

 ner he performed it, it is proper either to 

 alter the order, or else to trace back the 

 steps by which the operation advanced, 

 which will lead us at last to the number 

 we began with. When the given number 

 consists of articles of different value, as 

 pounds, shillings, and pence, or the like, 

 which are called different denominations, 

 the operations in arithmetic must be re- 

 gulated by the value of the articles. We 

 shall give here a few of the most useful 

 tables for the learner's information, re- 

 ferring for other information to the arti- 

 cles, MEASURES, WEIGHTS, &c. 



I. STERLING MONET. 



4 Farthings = 1 penny, marked d. 

 12 Pence = 1 shilling, s. 

 20 Shillings = 1 pound, L. 



II. TROY WEIGHT. 



24 Grains = 1 pennyweight, ihvt. 

 20 Pennyweights = 1 ounce, nz. 

 12 Ounces = 1 pound, lb. 



III. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 



16 Drams = 1 ounce, or. 

 16 Ounces = 1 pound, lb. 

 28 Pounds = 1 quarter, qr. 



4 Quarters = 1 hundred weight, C. 

 20 Hundred weight = 1 ton. T. 



IV. ENGLISH DRY MEASURE. 



2 Pints = 1 quart. 

 4 Quarts =r gallon. 

 2 Gallons =r 1 peck. 

 4 Pecks = 1 bushel. 

 8 Bushels = 1 quarter. 



V. LONG MEASURE. 



12 Inches = 1 foot. 



3 Feet = 1 yard. 

 5$ Yards = 1 pole. 

 40 Poles == 1 furlong. 



8 Furlongs =* 1 mile. 



3 Miles = 1 league. 



VI. ENGLISH LAND MEASURE. 



30 Square yards = 1 pole or perch. 

 40 Poles = 1 rood. 

 4 Roods = 1 acre. 



VII. CLOTH MEASURE. 



2 Inches = 1 nail. 

 4 Nails =1 quarter. 



4 Quarters = 1 yard. 



5 Quarters = 1 English ell. 



Rule for Compound Addition. Arrange 

 like quantities under like, and carry ac- 

 cording to the value of the higher place. 

 When you add a denomination which 

 contains more columns than one, and 

 from which you carry to the higher by 20, 

 30, or any even number of tens, first add 

 the units of that column and mark down 

 their sum, carrying the tens to the next 

 column ; then add the tens, and carry to 

 the higher denomination, by the number 

 of tens that it contains of the lower. For 

 example, in adding shillings, carry by 10 

 from the units to the tens, and by 2 from 

 the tens to the pounds. If you do not 

 carry by an even number of tens, first 

 find the complete sum of the lower deno- 

 mination, then enquire how many of the 

 higher that sum contains, and carry ac- 

 cordingly, and mark the remainder, if any, 

 under the column. For example, if the 

 sum of column of pence be 43, which is 

 three shillings and seven pence, mark 7 

 under the pence column, and carry 3 t 

 that of the shillings. 



Examples in sterling JlToney. 



L. s. d. 



215.. 3 ..9 



172.. 18.. 4 



645 .. 7 .. 7 



737.. 2.. 3 



35.. 3 .. 9 



9.. 0..7 



1814.. 16. .3 



L. s. d. 



169 .16 ..10 



36.. 12.. 9| 



54.. 7.. 6 



30.. 0.. U 



7.. 19.. 6 



707.. 19.. 11 



10:. 6 ](S . 8 



