ARITHMETIC. 



AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 



b. or. dr. crot qrs. Ib. T. civt. qrs. Iff. 

 35 .. 10 .. 5 35 .. 1 .. 21 21 .. 1 .. 2 .. 7 

 29 .. 12 .. 7 25 .. 1 .. 10 9 , 1 . 3 .. 5 



APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 



tb | 5 9 fc 3 9 *r- 



o .. 2 .. 1 .. 9 .. 7 .. 2 .. 1 .. 13 



2 .. 5 .. 2 .. 1 5 , 7 .. 3 .. 1 .. 18 



CLOTH MEASURE. 



FE. qrs. n. yds. qrs. n. EE. qrs. n. 

 35 .. 2 .. 2 71 .. 1 .. 2 35 .. 2 .. 1 

 17 .. 2 .. 1 3 .. 2 .. 1 14 .. 3 .. 2 



LONG MEASURE. 



yds. ft. in. bar. leag. mi. fur. po. 



107 .. 2 .. 10 .. 1 147 .. 2 .. 6 .. 29 



78 .. 2 .. 11 .. 2 58 .. 2 .. 7 .. 33 



LAND MEASURE. 



a. r. p. 



175 .. 1 .. 27 



59 .. .. 27 



a. r. p. 

 325 .. 2 .. 1 

 279 .. 3 .. 5 



WINE MEASURE. 



hhd. gal. qts. pi. tun. hhd. gal. qts. 



47 .. 47 .. 2 .. 1 42 .. 2 .. 37 .. 2 



28 .. 59 .. 3 .. 17 .. 3 .. 49 .. 3 



ALE AND BEER MEASURE. 



AB. fir. gal BB. fir. gal. hhd. gal. qts. 

 25 .. 1 .. 2 37 .. 2 .. 1 27 .. 27 .. 1 

 21 .. 1 .. 5 25 .. 1 .. 7 12 .. 50 .. 2 



DRY MEASURE. 



qu. bu. p. qu. bu. p. ch. bu. p. 



72 



65 .. 2 .. 1 



35 .. 2 .. 3 57 .. 2 .. 3 



79 .. 3 .. 

 54 .. 7 .. 1 



TIME. 



yrs. mo. ive, da. ho. min. sec. 



79 .. 8 .. 2 .. 4 34 .. 42 .. 45 



23 .. 9 .. 3 .. 5 19 .. 53 .. 47 



The reason for borrowing 1 is the same 

 as in simple subtraction. Thus in sub- 

 tracting pence, we add 12 pence, when 

 necessary, to the minuend, and at the next 

 step we add one shilling to the subtra- 

 hend. When there are two places in the 

 same denomination, if the next higher 

 contain exactly so many tens, it is best to 

 subtract the units first, borrowing ten 

 when necessary ; and then subtract the 

 tens, borrowing, if there is occasion, ac- 

 cording to the number of tens in the 

 higher denomination. If the value of the 

 higher denomination be not an even 

 number of tens, subtract the units and 

 tens at once, borrowing according to the 

 value of the higher denomination. It is 

 often necessary to place the sums in dif- 

 ferent columns, in order to exhibit a clear 

 view of what is required. For instance, 

 if the values of several parcels of goods 

 are to be added, and each parcel consists 

 of several articles, the particular articles 

 should be placed in an inner column, and 

 the sum of each parcel extended to the- 

 outer column, and the total added there. 

 If any person be indebted an account, and 

 has made some partial payments, the pay- 

 ments must be placed in an inner column, 

 and their sum extended under that of the 

 account in the outer column, and sub- 

 tracted there : the following examples 

 will explain our meaning : 



L. s. d. 

 Borrowed 25107 .. 15 .. 7 



Paid in all .2118 .. 7 



Remains to pay 22989 .. 7 



8* 



L. s. d. 



jLent .550156 .. 1 .. 6 



~f71 .. 13~7T| 

 Received 359 .. 15 .. 3 



at 475 .. 13 .. 9| 

 several 527 .. 15 .. 

 payments 272 .. 17 .. 5 

 150 .. .. 



