ART 



ART 



.fibres and membranes are separated, and 

 there remains nothing but a very fine cot- 

 ton. The Japanese use it for tinder, and 

 twice in a year, men and women, young 

 and old, rich and poor, are indiscrimi- 

 nately burnt with the moxa, either to 

 prevent disorders, or to cure the rheu- 

 matism. D. more or less shrubby ; stem 

 branched ; leaves undivided ; there are 

 five species, of which one is A. c<erules- 

 cens, tarragon, a capital addition to sal- 

 lads, and much used in France. 



ARTERY, in. anatomy, a conical tube 

 or canal, which conveys the blood from 

 the heart to all parts of the body. See 

 ANATOMY. 



ARTICHOKE. See CYNARA. 



ARTICLE, in grammar, a particle, in 

 most languages, that serves to express 

 the several cases and genders of nouns, 

 when the languages have not different 

 terminations to denote the different states 

 and circumstances of nouns. See GRAM- 

 MAR. 



The Latin has no article; but the 

 Greeks have their a; the eastern lan- 

 guages have their he emphaticum,- and 

 most of the modern languages have had 

 recourse to articles. The only articles 

 made use of in the English tongue are a 

 and the,- which, prefixed to substantives, 

 determine their general signification to 

 some particular thing. The use of a is in 

 a general sense, and may be applied to 

 any particular person or thing, and upon 

 that account is called an indefinite arti- 

 cle : but the, being a determinate article, 

 is called definite, or demonstrative, as ap- 

 plying the word to one individual. The 

 French have three articles, le, la, and lea; 

 the Italians have their il, lo, and la ,- and 

 the Germans their der, das, and dat. 



ARTICLES of war, are certain regula- 

 tions for the better government of the ar- 

 my in the kingdoms of Great Britain and 

 Ireland, and foreign parts dependant 

 upon Great Britain. They may be alter- 

 ed and enlarged, at the pleasure of the 

 king ; and in certain cases they extend 

 to civilians as when by proclamation 

 any place shall be put under martial law, 

 or when people follow a camp or army 

 for the sale of merchandize, or serve in 

 any menial capacity. It is ordained that 

 the articles of war shall be read in the 

 circle of each regiment belonging to the 

 British army every month, or oftener, if 

 the commanding officer think proper. A 

 soldier is not liable to be tried by a mili- 

 tary tribunal, unless it can be proved 

 that the articles of war have been duly 

 read to him. 



ARTICULATE sounds, are such sounds 

 as express the letters, syllables, or words 

 of any alphabet or language; s ich are 

 formed by the human voice, and by some 

 few birds, as parrots, &c. Other brutes 

 cannot articulate the sounds of tru'jr voice. 



ARTICULATED, something furnished 

 with, or consisting of joints. 



ARTICULATION, in anatomy, denotes 

 the juncture of two bones, intended for 

 motion. 



ARTICULATION, in music, applies equal- 

 ly to vocal and to instrumental perform- 

 ances, to words, and to notes ; and it in- 

 cludes that distinctness and accuracy of 

 expression, which gives every syllable 

 and sound with truth and perspicuity, 

 and forms the very foundations of pathos 

 and grace. 



ARTIFICERS, those who work with 

 the hands, and manufacture any kind of 

 commodity in iron, brass, wood, &c. Ar- 

 tificers are the same with what we other- 

 wise call handicrafts and mechanics; such 

 are smiths, carpenters, tailors, shoema- 

 kers, weavers, and the like. The Roman 

 artificers had their peculiar temples, 

 where they assembled, and chose their 

 patron, to defend their causes : they were 

 exempted from all personal services. Ta- 

 runtinus Paternus reckons thirty -two spe- 

 cies of artificers, and Constantine thirty- 

 five, who enjoyed this privilege. The 

 artificers were incorporated into divers 

 colleges or companies, each of which had 

 their tutelar gods, to whom they offered 

 their worship; and several of these, when 

 they quitted their profession, hung up 

 their tools, a votive offering to their gods. 

 Artificers were held a degree below mer- 

 chants and argentarii, or money-chang- 

 ers, and their employment more sordid. 

 Some deny that, in the earliest ages of 

 the Roman state, artificers were ranked 

 in the number of citizens ; others, who 

 assert their citizenship, allow that they 

 were held in contempt, as being unfit for 

 war, and so poor, that they could scarce 

 pay any taxes. For which reason they 

 were noi entered among the citizens, in 

 the censor's books; the design of the 

 censors being only to see what number 

 of persons were yearly fit to bear arms, 

 and to pay taxes towards the support of 

 the state. It may be added, that much of 

 the business of artificers was done by 

 slaves arid foreigners, who left little for 

 the Romans to mind but their husbandry 

 and war. By means of the arts, the minds 

 of men are engaged in inventions bene- 

 ficial to the community ; and thus prove 

 the grand preservative against the bar- 

 barism and brutality which ever attend 



