BAR 



BAR 



tion, although no judgment were given, a 

 former attainder, and a pardon. 



BAR, in heraldry, an ordinary in form 

 of the fesse, but much less. 



It differs from the fesse only in its nar- 

 rowness, and in this, that the bar may be 

 placed in any part of the field, whereas 

 the fesse is confined to a single place. 



BAH, in music, a stroke drawn perpen- 

 dicularly across the lines of a piece of 

 music, including between each two a cer- 

 tain quantity or measure of time, which is 

 various, as the time of the music is either 

 triple or common. In common time, be- 

 tween each two bars is included the mea- 

 sure of four crotchets ; in triple, three. 

 The principal use of bars is, to regulate 

 the beating of time in a concert. 



BAR, double, consists of two parallel 

 straight lines, somewhat broader than a 

 common bar, drawn near each other, 

 and passing perpendicularly through the 

 stave. The double bar divides the differ- 

 ent strains of a movement. If two or 

 more dots are placed on one of its sides, 

 they imply that the strain of the move- 

 ment, or the same side with the dots, is to 

 be performed twice ; and if the dots are 

 placed on each side of the double bar, 

 the repetition extends to the strains on 

 each side of the double bar. 



BAR, in hydrography, denotes a bank 

 of sand, or other matter, whereby the 

 mouth of a river is in a manner choked up. 

 The term bar is also used for a strong 

 beam, wherewith the entrance of an har- 

 bour is secured ; this is more commonly 

 called boom. 



BARALIPTON, among logicians, a 

 term denoting the first indirect mode of 

 the first figure of syllogisms. A syllogism 

 in baralipton, is when the two first pro- 

 positions are general, and the third par- 

 ticular, the middle term being the subject 

 in the first proposition, and the predicate 

 in the second. Thus, 



BA Every evil ought to be feared: 

 RA Every violent passion is an evil : 

 LIP Therefore something that ought to 



be feared is a violent passion. 

 BARBA, in botany, a beard, a species 

 of down with which the surface of some 

 plants is covered. The term was invent- 

 ed by Linnaeus, without precise explana- 

 tion , it stems however to signify a tuft 

 of hairs terminating the leaves. 



BARBACAN, or BARBICAN, an outer 

 defV nee or fortification to a city or cas- 

 tle, used especially as a fence to the city, 

 or walls ; also, an aperture made in the 

 vraiis of a fortress, to fire through upon 

 the enemy. Ic is also used as a watch- 

 tower, to descry the approach of the ene- 



my ; and it sometimes denotes a fort at 

 the entrance of a bridge, on the outlet of 

 a city having a double wall with towers. 



BARBACEN1A, in botany, a genus of 

 the Hexandria Monogynia class and or- 

 per. Calyx superior ; six-toothed ; corol 

 six-petalled ; filaments petal-shaped, 

 toothed ; capsule glandular, three-valv- 

 ed, many-seeded. Only one species, 

 found at Brazil. 



BARBADOES tar, a mineral fluid of 

 the nature of the thicker fluid bitumens, 

 of a nauseous, bitterish taste, very strong 

 and disagreeable smell, found in many 

 parts of America trickling down the sides 

 of the mountains, and sometimes floating 

 on the surface of the water. It has been 

 greatly recommended in coughs, and 

 other disorders of the breast and Jungs. 



BARBARA, among logicians, the first 

 mode of the first figure of syllogisms. 



A syllogism in barbara, is one whereof 

 all the propositions are universal and af- 

 firmative ; the middle term being the sub- 

 ject of the first proposition, and attribut- 

 ed in the second. For example, 



BAR Every wicked man is miserable ; 



BA All tyrants are wicked men ; 



RA Therefore all tyrants are miserable. 



BARBE, in the military art ; to fire in 

 barbe, means to fire the cannon over the 

 parapet, instead of firing through the em- 

 brasures; in which case the parapet must 

 not be above three feet and a half high. 



BARBED and crested, in heraldry, an 

 appellation given to the eombs and gills 

 of a cock, when particularized for being 

 of a different tincture from the body. 



A barbed cross is a cross, the extremi- 

 ties of which are like the barbed irons 

 used for striking offish. 



BARBEL. SeeCrpRiNus. 



BARBER, one who makes a trade of 

 shaving the beards and heads of men, and 

 of making \vigs, 8tc. Formerly the busi- 

 ness of a surgeon was united to that of a 

 barber, and he was denominated a bar- 

 ber-surgeon. This union of profession 

 was dissolved by a statute of Henry VIII. 

 by which the surgeons were formed into 

 a distinct corporation, that existed till the 

 late establishment of "The Royal Col- 

 lege of Surgeons of London." In Eng- 

 land, a musical instrument was part of the 

 furniture of a barber-surgeon's shop, 

 which was used by persons above the or- 

 dinary level of life, who resorted thither 

 for the cure of wounds, for bleeding, or 

 trimming, a word that signified shaving, 

 and cutting, or curling, the hair. Bleed- 

 ing and tooth-drawing are now very com- 

 monly practised in country places by bar- 

 bers, and the pole stuck out as the sign of 



