BAR 



BAR 



Romans: and others of Saxons and Danes. 

 Jn some have been found urns, ashes, and 

 calcined bones: in others human skeletons. 



Barrows are very numerous in Ireland : 

 they are supposed to be of Scythian ori- 

 gin, and to have been introduced after 

 the Romans had left it. It was a decree 

 of Odin, the great Gothic legislator, that 

 large barrows should be raised to perpe- 

 tuate the memory of celebrated chiefs ; 

 these were composed of stone and earth, 

 and were formed with great labour and 

 art. At New Grange, in the county of 

 Meath, is a mound of this kind, the alti- 

 tude of which, from the horizontal floor 

 of the cave, is aboutseventy feet, the cir- 

 cumference at the top is 300 feet, and the 

 base covers two acres of land. It is found- 

 ed on an amazing collection of stones, and 

 covered with gravel and earth. Tumuli, 

 or barrows, are also found in great num- 

 bers in America ; and the American In- 

 dians are said to practise a similar mode 

 of burial at this time, generally deposit- 

 ing with the body the implements of war 

 and agriculture used by the deceased. 



BARRULET, in heraldry, the fourth 

 part of the bar, or the one half of the clos- 

 set : an usual bearing in coat-armour. 



BARRULY, in heraldry, is when the 

 field is divided bar-ways, that is, across 

 from side to side, into several parts. 



BARRY, in heraldry, is when the escut- 

 cheon is divided bar-ways, that is, across 

 from side to side, into an even number of 

 partitions, consisting of two or more tinc- 

 tures, interchangeably disposed : it is to 

 be expressed in the blazon by the word 

 barry, and the number of pieces must be 

 specified ; but if the divisions be odd, 

 the field must be first named, and the 

 number of bars expressed. 



BAHRY-6encfy is when an escutcheon is 

 divided evenly, bar and bend-ways, by 

 lines drawn transverse and diagonal, in- 

 terchangeably varying the tinctures of 

 which it consists. 



BAHHY-/>% is when a coat is divided by 

 several lines drawn obliquely from side 

 to side, where they form acute angles. 



BARS, in music, lines drawn perpen- 

 dicularly through the staves, to divide 

 the notes into equal temporary quanti- 

 ties. By the assistance of these lines, the 

 composer figures the correspondence of 

 the parts of his score. It is also by their 

 assistance that tlie performer is enabled 

 to keep his time, and that a whole band, 

 however numerous, is regulated and held 

 together. 



BARTERING, in commerce, the ex- 

 changing- of one commodity for another, 

 or the trucking wares for wares, among 



merchants, Bartering was the original 

 and natural way of commerce, there be- 

 ing no buying till money was invented, 

 though, in exchanging, both parties are 

 buyers and sellers. 'I 'he only difficulty in 

 this way of dealing lies in the due pro- 

 portioning the commodities to be ex- 

 changed, so as that neither party sustain 

 any loss. Although the invention of money 

 has not altogether put an end to barter, 

 yet it has entirely prevented it from ap- 

 pearing in its real form in the books of 

 merchants, as each article is there stated 

 in its money value, and each sale is sup- 

 posed to be paid for in the circulating me- 

 dium of the country, even in cases where 

 no money whatever is made use of in the 

 transaction. 



The following example will sufficiently 

 explain the method of proportioning the 

 commodities. Two merchants, A and B, 

 barter ; A would exchange 5 C. 3qr. 14/6. 

 of pepper, worth 31 10s. per C. with B, 

 for cotton worth 10 d. per pound; how 

 much cotton mustB give A for this pep- 

 per? 



In order to solve this question, and all 

 others of the same nature, we must first 

 find, by proportion, the true value of that 

 commodity whose quantity isgiven,which, 

 in the present case, is pepper : and then 

 find how much of the other commodity 

 will amount to that sum, at the rate pro- 

 posed. 



First, to find the value of the pepper, 

 say, as 1 C. is to 31. 10s. so is 5 C. 3qr. 

 14/6. to20/. 11s. 3d. the true value of the 

 pepper. 



Then it is easy to conceive, that A 

 ought to have as much cotton at l()d. per 

 pound as will amount to 20Z. 11s. 3d. 

 which will be found by the following pro- 

 portion. 



As Wd. is to lib. so is 201. 11s. 3d. to 

 4 C. Iqr 17$lb. And so much cotton 

 must B give A, for his 5 C. 3qr. 14/6. of 

 pepper. 



BARTONIA, in botany, a genus of 

 plants of the class Icosandria, and order 

 Monogynia, named in honour of Profes- 

 sor Benjamin Smith Barton, by Pursh and 

 Nuttall. The generic character is, Cal. 

 superus, 5-fidus. Cor. polypetala. Caps, 

 cylindrica, 1-ucularis, apice, operculatim, 

 3-5-valvis. Recep. 3-5-parietalia, duplici 

 serie seminefera. There are only two 

 species, both of which are described by 

 Pursh ; Bartonia ornata, and Bartonia po- 

 lypetala. The former flowers in August 

 and September, growing all the way 

 from the river Plate to the Andes, on 

 broken hills and the clefts of rocks. The 

 flower of this species expands only in the 



