BOTANY. 



the naked foot-stalks ; appendiculatum, is 

 used by the sa-rs. author for a leaf " fur- 

 nished with an -.. Uii tional organ for some 

 particular purple," as in dionsea rnusci- 

 puia above mentioned, and nepenthes 

 destillatoria, tht leaf of which bears a 

 sort of covered pitcher full of water. We 

 omit to particularize the more common 

 terms which are lo be found every where. 



Compound leaves come principally 

 under the following denominations. 



F digitatum ;s when several leaflets, or 

 pav.ial leaves, stand on the summit of a 

 common foot-stalk. Such are either two, 

 three, or more. F. pinnatum, a pinnate 

 leaf, is composed of leaflets ranged late- 

 rally on the .oot stalk; when it has no 

 terminal leaflet, it is said to be abruptly 

 pinnate ; sometimes a tendril takes place 

 of the odd leaflet, as in the pea and vetch. 

 The leaflets are either opposite or alter- 

 nate ; sometimes they are interrupted by 

 an intermediate series of smaller ones, as 

 in spiraea fihpendula, dropwort. F. lyra- 

 Z0/natom resembles a lyrate leaf, as in the 

 turnip. F. auriculatmn is a simple leaf, 

 with a pair ot auricles or leaflets at its 

 base. F. pedatum has three primary leaf- 

 lets, of which the lateral ones are lobed 

 in theirfore part, as in helleborusfoetidus. 

 The different degrees in which leaves are 

 compounded are thus expressed. F. com- 

 position is simply compound; decomposi- 

 tum doubly compound : supra decomposi- 

 tum. thrice compound, or more ; of all 

 which the umbelliferous tribe afford ex- 

 amples; begeminatum and tergeminatum are 

 twice and -iirice paired; tematitm consists 

 of three leaflets: bitematnm is twice ter- 

 nate, and triternatum thrice ternate. In 

 the same manner, pipinnatwn is doubly 

 pinnate, and tripinnatum triply pinnate. 



OF THE FULCttA, OR APPENDAGES OF 

 PLANTS. 



There are various appendages to the 

 herbage of plants, all of which are com- 

 prehended by Linnaeus under the term of 

 fulcrum, a prop or support, which term 

 in its literal sense, however, applies but 

 to a few of these organs. 



1. Stipula. This is a leafy appendage 

 to the true leaves, or to their stalks, for 

 the most part in pairs, more or less con- 

 stant even in the same genus or species: 

 in roses they are invariable ; in willows 

 very much the contrary. Some species 

 of Cistus have stipulas, others none. The 

 peculiar stipula of grasses is a membrane, 

 crowning the sheaths of their leaves and 

 embracing their stem, but if is not found 

 in all the species. Plate 1. fig. 18. 



2. JBractea, is a leafy appendage to the 

 flower or its stalk, conspicuous in the 

 lime-tree, beautifully coloured in the pur- 

 ple or pink-topped clary, and very much 

 diversified in different plants. Fig. 19. 



3 Spina, a thorn, proceeds from the 

 wood it self, as in the wild pear-tree, which 

 loses its thorns by cultivation. This is 

 fancifully expressed by Linnxus, who 

 calls such garden plants tamed, or de- 

 prived of their natural arms. 



4. Jculeua, a prickle, proceeds from the 

 bark only, having no connection with the 

 wood, as in the rose, bramble, &c. It 

 might be expected that this should be 

 less permanent than the foregoing, but 

 the reverse is the case, for prickles are 

 not effaced by culture. They rather 

 abound most upon the most luxuriant 

 stems. Plate II. fig. 21. 



5. Cirrus, a tendril or clasper,is really 

 intended as a support for weak stems, by 

 which they are enabled to climb rocks, or 

 the trunks of lofty trees. These organs 

 are either simple or branched, straight in 

 the first instance, but soon becoming spi- 

 ral, and thus are rendered capable of ta- 

 king hold of any thing that comes in their 

 way ; especially as many of them are so 

 constructed, that, after having made a cer- 

 tain number of turns, they perform as 

 many in a contrary direction. Some at- 

 tach themselves by a dilatation of their 

 extremities to the smoothest and hardest 

 stone. Thus, the vine, the passion-flow- 

 er, and the family of vetches, are elevated 

 to a considerable height above the ground. 

 Such tendrils differ essentially from roots, 

 in never imbibing nourishment, any more 

 than the short fibres of the ivy. The 

 gloriosa, or superb lily, has a spiral ten- 

 dril at the end of each leaf, and in some 

 few plants the flower stalks produce ten- 

 drils. Plate I. fig. 22. 



6. Glandula, a gland, is a small tumour 

 secreting a sweet, resinous, or fragrant 

 liquor, as on the calyx of the moss-rose, 

 the foot-stalks of passion-flowers whose 

 glands are like little cups, and the leaf 

 of salix pentendra : which last being 

 pressed between paper,leavesthe impres- 

 sion of an elegant row of yellow dots. 

 Fig 23. 



7. Pilust a hair. Fig. 24. Under this 

 are included all the various kinds of pu- 

 bescence ; bristles, wool, &c some of 

 which are curious objects for the micros- 

 cope. Some few of these bristles dis- 

 charge a poison, as in the nettle, causing 

 great irritation, whenever they are touch- 

 ed in such a manner as for their points to 





