BOTANY. 



rec-lions, and the orders in his Introduc- 

 tion to Botany stand as follo\vs. 



1. Dodecandria. Stamens, or rather an- 

 thers, from twelve to twenty or twenty- 

 five. Their filaments unconnected with 

 the calyx. Theobroma, the chocolate 

 tree. Bubroma, Abroma, Monsonia, and 

 Citrus. 



2. Icosandria, Stamens numerous, their 

 filaments inserted into the calyx, in seve- 

 ral parcels of course, as Melaleuca, a fine 

 aromatic genus, principally from New 

 Holland. 



3 Polyandria. Stamens very numerous, 

 unconnected, with the calyx. Hypericum 

 is the principal germs here. 



XIX Syngenesia. Anthers united into 

 a tube. Flowers compound. This is en- 

 tirely a natural class, and its orders like- 

 wise are founded on natural characters. 



1. Polygamia JEqualis. Every one of 

 the florets which constitute the compound 

 flowers is, in this order, perfect within 

 itself, having perfect stamens, and pistil 

 with one seed. The florets are either 

 ligulate, as in the dandelion; tubular, 

 forming a globose head, as in the thistle ; 

 or tubular, and level at the top , or dis- 

 coid, as in lavender cotton, santolina. 



2. Polygamia Superflua. Florets of the 

 disk like the discoid, flowers of the last or- 

 der, and, like them, perfect within them- 

 selves. Those of the margin furnished 

 with pistils only, but all the florets pro- 

 duce perfect seed. In this order the mar- 

 ginal florets are sometimes minute and 

 inconspicuous, but they are for the most 

 part ligulate, and form diverging rays, as 

 in the daisy, aster, chrysanthemum, &c. 



3. Polygamia Frustranea. Difl'ers from 

 the last order only in having the florets of 

 the margin abortive or neuter; in the for- 

 mer case there are no rudiments of a pis- 

 til in these florets, as in centaurea; or 

 there are abortive pistils, as in the sun- 

 flower. This order is considered by Dr. 

 Smith as not essentially different from the 

 last. 



4. Polygamia necessaria. Florets of 

 the disk furnished with perfect stamens 

 only, those of the margin with perfect 

 pistils only, as in the garden marigold, 

 calendula. 



5. Polygamia Segregata. Several flow- 

 ers, either simple" or compound, with unit- 

 ed anthers, and a partial calyx, all in- 

 cluded in one general calyx, as the globe 

 thistle, &c. 



Another order follows in Linnzcus, call- 

 ed Monogamia, consisting of simple flow- 

 ers with united anthers; but this order 

 js now generally abolished. The circum- 



stance of the union of the anthers in sim- 

 ple flowers being extremely various and 

 uncertain, though in compound ones 

 scarcely liable to any exception. 



XX. Gynandria. Stamens inserted 

 either upon the style or germen. Such is 

 the true idea of this class, and its charac- 

 ter, thus understood, is as much founded 

 in nature and reality as that of any other; 

 by which we do not mean, that the class 

 is a natural one, like the 19th, as it, in 

 fact, comprises several natural families, 

 whose allies may happen to be in other 

 classes. Linnaeus, in his idea of this 

 class, has understood as belonging to 

 it, many plants, whose stamens did not 

 really grow out of the germen, as the 

 passion-flower, the sisyrinchium, &c. 

 Hence Thumberg, and some other bota- 

 nists have judged the class altogether un- 

 tenable. In the orders, some alterations 

 have recently been made by Dr. Smith, 

 the reasons for which are more fully par- 

 ticularized in his Introduction to Botany, 

 than we have room here to explain. These 

 orders are distinguished by the number 

 of stamens. Monandria, the first of them, 

 contains almost all the Orchis tribe. To 

 the fifth, Pentandria, Dr. Smith refers 

 many of the natural family of Contorts, 

 as Perguiaria, Cynanchum,and Asclepias, 

 a curious tribe, the structure of whose 

 organs of impregnation is extremely puz- 

 zling even to the botanical adept They 

 have hitherto been placed in the fifth 

 class, and some have thought they should 

 be referred to the tenth. In the sixth or- 

 der of this class, Hexandria, we find the 

 aristolochia, or birth-wort. 



XXI. Monoeda. Stamens and pistils in 

 separate flowers, but on the same plant. 



The orders of this class are, like those 

 of the last, distinguished by the number 

 of the starwcns, or by some other charac- 

 ter of the foregoing classes. The most 

 genuine examples of it are such as have 

 a different structure in the two kinds of 

 flowers, besides the essential difference 

 with respect to stamens and pistils, as the 

 oak, chesnut, hazlc. 



XXII. Dioecia. Stamens and pistils like 

 the former in separate flowers, but on two 

 separate plants. 



The orders of this class are character- 

 ised like those of the preceding. The 

 willow, hop, hemp, &c. belong to it. 



XXIII. Polygamia. Stamens and pistils 

 separate in some flowers, united in others, 

 either on one, two, or three distinct plants. 

 Dr. Smith has first suggested that no 

 plants should be admitted into this class, 

 without a difference in the accessory parts 



