CAI 



tifully variegated with a deep red or 

 orange colour, yellow, and some spots of 

 grc en, and have a very agreeable odour. 

 This beautiful plant is a native of both 

 Indies. It is planted in hedges to divide 

 the lands in Uarbadoes, whence it has the 

 name of flower-fence. 



C VESA It, in Roman antiquity, a title 

 borne by all the emperors, from Julius 

 Caesar to the destruction of the empire. 

 It was also used as a title of distinction 

 for the intended or presumptive heir 

 of the empire, as king of the Romans is 

 now used for that of the German empire. 

 This title took its rise from the surname 

 of the first emperor, C. Julius Caesar, 

 \vhich, by a decree of the senate, all the 

 succeeding emperors were to bear. Un- 

 der his successor, the appellation of Au- 

 gustus being appropriated to the em- 

 perors, in compliment to that prince, the 

 title Caesar was given to the second per- 

 son in the empire, though still it continu- 

 ed to be given to the first; and hence 

 the difference betwixt Caesar used simply, 

 and Caesar with the addition of Imperator 

 Augustus. 



C.2ESARIAN section, in midwifery, a 

 chirurgical operation, by which the foetus 

 is delivered from the womb of its mother, 

 when it cannot be done in the natural 

 way See MIDWIFERY. 



C^SULIA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Syngenesia JEqualis, Receptacle chaffy ; 

 seeds involved in the chaff'; calyx three- 

 leaved. Two species viz. C. axillaris, a 

 native of the East Indies, and C. radicans, 

 a native of Guinea. 



CAESURA, in the ancient poetry, is 

 when, in the scanning of a verse, a word 

 is divided, so as one part seems cut off', 

 and goes tp a different foot from the 

 rest; as, 



JWenti\ri no\li nun\quam men\dacia \ pro- 



aunt. 



where the syllables ri, li, quam, and men, 

 are caesuras. 



Caesura more properly denotes a cer- 

 tain and agreeable division of the words 

 between the feet of a verse, whereby the 

 last syllable of a word becomes the first 

 of afoot, as in 



Jlrma I'irumque cano, Trojoe qui primus 



ab oris, 



where the syllables no and j* are caesu- 

 ras, 



CAESURA or CJESURE, in the modern 

 poetry, denotes a rest, or pause, towards 

 the middle of an Alexandrine verse, by 

 which the voice and pronunciation are 

 aided, and the verse, as it were, divided 

 into two hemistichs. In Alexandrine 



verses of twelve or thirteen syllables, 

 the caesure must always be on the sixth ; 

 in verses of ten, on the fourth ; and in 

 those of twelve, on the sixth ; verses of 

 eight syllables must not have any cae- 

 sure 



CJETERIS paribus, a Latin term, often 

 used by mathematical and physical wri- 

 ters, the words literally signifying " the 

 rest, or the other things, being alike, or 

 equal." Thus we say, the heavier the 

 bullet, "cseteris paribus," the greater 

 the range : i. e. by how much the bullet is 

 heavier, if the length and diameter of 

 the piece, and the quantity and strength 

 of the powder be the same, by so much 

 will the utmost range or distance of a 

 piece of ordnance be greater. Thus also, 

 in a physical way, we say, the velocity 

 and quantity of the blood circulating, in a 

 given time, through any section of an 

 artery, will, " caeteris paribus," be accord- 

 ing to its diameter, and nearness to or 

 distance from the heart. 



CAILLE (NICHOAAS LEWIS DE LA,) 

 in biography, an eminent French mathe- 

 matician and astronomer, was born in the 

 diocese of Rheims in 1713. His father 

 having quitted the army, in which he had 

 served, amused himself in his retirement 

 with studying mathematics and mecha- 

 nics, in which he proved the happy author 

 of several inventions of considerable use 

 to the public. From this example of 

 his father, our author, almost in his in- 

 fancy, took a fancy to mechaincs, which 

 proved of signal service to him in his 

 maturer years. At school he discov- 

 ered early tokens of genius. He next 

 came to Paris in 1729, where he studi- 

 ed ihe classics, philosophy, and mathe- 

 matics. He afterwards studied divinity 

 in the College de Navarre, with the view- 

 embracing the ecclesiastical life, but never 

 entered into priest's orders. His turn 

 for astronomy soon connected him with 

 the celebrated Cassini, who procured him 

 an apartment in the observatory : where, 

 assisted by the councils of this master, 

 he soon acquired a name among the as- 

 tronomers. In 1739 he was joined with 

 M. Cassini de Thury, son to M. Cassini, 

 in verifying the meridian through the 

 whole extent of France ; and in the same 

 year he was named professor of mathe- 

 matics in the College of Mazarine. In 

 1741 he was admitted into the Academy 

 of Sciences, and had many excellent pa- 

 pers inserted in their memoirs ; besides 

 which, he published several useful' trea- 

 tises, viz. Elements of Geometry, Astro- 

 nomy, Mechanics, and Optics. He also 



