CALCULI. 



vis. the harmonies of a single string. 

 Calculation may, indeed, facilitate the 

 intelligence of certain points of theory, 

 such as the relation between the tones of 

 the gamut and temperament ; but the 

 calculation necessary for treating these 

 two points is so simple and trifling, that 

 it merits no display. Let us not, there- 

 fore, imitate those musicians, who believe 

 themselves geometricians, or those ge- 

 ometricians, who fancy themselves musi- 

 cians, and in their writings heap figures 

 on figures, imagining, perhaps, that this 

 display is necessary to the art." See 



CALCULI, biliary, in chemistry, are 

 small stones found in the gall-bladder, and 

 probably formed by the changes produ- 

 ced on the bile while it remains in that 

 organ. These are not uniform in their 

 appearance, but vary in colour, texture, 

 and hardness. The most common are 

 of a lamellated structure, resembling 

 spermaceti, disposed in crystalline lami- 

 nae, which have a close resemblance in 

 their properties to ADIPOGIHE, which see. 

 Biliary calculi are soluble in oil of turpen- 

 tine ; but more completely in the fixed 

 alkalies, by which they are reduced to a 

 saponaceous state. Ammonia, unless in 

 the boiling state, has little effect upon 

 them. Nitric acid dissolves them, form- 

 ing a liquid similar to the oil of camphor, 

 which becomes concrete, and without 

 any crystalline structure, and is more solu- 

 ble in ether, and the alkalies, than the 

 original matter. This substance is con- 

 tained, in a greater or less degree, in 

 nearly all the human biliary calculi : 

 hence they partake of its properties: 

 are fusible, inflammable, and more or less 

 soluble in the re-agents which dissolve 

 it. Other calculi are occasionally found 

 in the gall -bladders of quadrupeds, which 

 have been supposed to consist of inspis- 

 sated bile ; they are irregular, and of va- 



CSpecies 1. Calculus of 

 Genus I. < . . 2 ..... 



d .3. ... 



6. 



rious forms, all-stones in general are 

 distinguished for their lightness and in- 

 flammability, few of them being so heavy 

 as to sink in water, and when put to a 

 lighted candle they usually melt like 

 wax, and kindle with a bright flame, at- 

 tended with an ammoniacal smell. 



CALCCLI, urinary, concretion? formed 

 in the kidney or bladder, and composed, 

 in greater or smaller proportions, of the 

 following substances, viz. uric acid, urate 

 of ammonia, phosphate of lime, phosphate 

 of ammonia and magnesia, oxalate of 

 lime, silex, and animal albumen. These 

 principles being more or less common, 

 and in different proportions, give rise to 

 numerous varieties. 



The calculi most common are those 

 composed of uric acid; they are gene- 

 rally of a brown or yellowish colour, 

 smooth on the surface, and with a tex- 

 ture compact or radiated ; they are per- 

 fectly soluble in alkaline solutions, and 

 give a red colour when treated with nitric 

 acid. Dr. Wollaston has ananged the 

 urinary calculi under four species, viz. 1. 

 The uric acid concretion : 2. Tlie fusible 

 calculus, or phosphate of ammonia and 

 magnesia : 3 The mulberry calculus, or 

 ox'ila>e and phosphate of lime: And, 4. 

 the bony earthy calculus, composed of 

 phosphate of lime, which forms the basis 

 of bone. Fourcroy and Vauquelin have 

 given a different arrangement; they af- 

 firm that in all calculi there exists a quan- 

 tity of animal mutter, which appears to 

 connect their particles; but independently 

 of this, which is common to the whole, 

 th^y compose three genera ; the first 

 contains three species, each formed of 

 one ingredient ; the second comprises 

 seven species, formed of two ingredients 

 each : and in the third there aiv two 

 species, consisting of three or four ingre- 

 dienis; this system is exhibited in the 

 following table : 



uric acid, 

 urate of ammonia, 

 oxalate of lime 



5 uric acid and earthy phosphates, in dis- 

 ' C tinct layers 



5 uric acid and earthy phosphates, inti- 

 ' C mately mixed 



5 urate of ammonia and phosphates, in dis- 

 C tinrt layers. 



Genus II. 



r. 



5 urate of ammonia and phosphates, inti- 

 *C mately mixed. 

 5 earthy phosphates, either mixed intimate- 



C ly or in fine layers 



oxalate of lime and uric acid, in distinct 



layers. 



C oxah-e of lime and earthy phosphates, in 

 10 ' ' * ' ' i distinct layers. 



9. 



