CAL 



CAL 



the stamp are designed to be impressed, 

 or by a pencil, if more delicate lines are 

 to be traced. The cloth is afterwards 

 dried .horoughly, is washed in warm 

 water to remove the mucilage and the 

 superfluous mordant, and is then dipped 

 in the dye colour, supposed to be an 

 infusion of madder ; the whole is dyed, 

 but the parts which have been impreg- 

 nated with the mordant receive a brighter 

 colour .than the part which has not : the 

 colour too of the former is permanent, 

 while that of tlie latter is fugitive. It is 

 discharged by subsequent boiling with 

 substances having a weak attraction to 

 the colouring matter, principally with 

 bran, and by exposure on the field, re- 

 peating these alternately. The ground 

 of the cloth is thus at length rendered 

 white, while the colours of the parts 

 on which the mordant has been impress- 

 ed, representing of course the design on 

 the stamp, remain with little or no alter- 

 ation. 



Sometimes, after the whole cloth has 

 been permanently dyed, by having been 

 imp/egnated with the mordant, the colour 

 is discharged from certain parts, by 

 stamping these with a weak acid liquor : 

 after being washed, these are again 

 stamped, either with the same or with a 

 different mordant, and dyed with differ- 

 ent materials ; and thus the most diffi- 

 cult kind of cloth printing is effected, 

 where the ground is coloured, and at the 

 same time impressed with a design in 

 different colours. By combining these 

 methods too, and by dexterously applying 

 to different parts of the cloth different 

 mordants, by stamps adapted to each 

 other, so as to form a regular design, 

 different colours are impressed, either on 

 a white or coloured ground. 



CALK, a genus of minerals, which is 

 divided into twenty species. 1. Rock- 

 milk, denominated, by Werner, berg- 

 milch. 2. Chalk, denominated kreide, 

 or creta alba : external characters : co- 

 lour white : occurs massive disseminated, 

 and as a crust covering flint; fragments 

 indeterminately angular, blunt edged ; 

 opaque ; soils ; writes ; easily frangible ; 

 specific gravity according to Kirvvan 2.3, 

 but bishop Watson takes it at 2.6 ; vari- 

 ous specimens will no doubt account for 

 this and other differences of the same 

 kind. It effervesces strongly with acids, 

 and is found to consist almost entirely 

 of lime and carbonic acid. It constitutes 

 a peculiar kind of formation; contains nu- 

 merous flinty petrifactions; and is even 

 remarkable for being the most general 



repository of flint. It is found chiefly on 

 sea-coasts, as at Calais and Dov .r, and 

 several of the Danish islands in .', Bal- 

 tic, as Kugen and Zealand : it otcu" ulso 

 in Poland; and several great trscls of 

 country in the south of E'igLuid are com* 

 posed of it. In some parts of Kent a 

 cliulk pit is no contemptible estate, pro- 

 ducing from one to five hundred per 

 annum and upwards. In the manufac- 

 tures it is used for polishing and cleansing 

 metals, glass, &c. and when burnt into 

 lime, it is of great importance in build- 

 ing. 3. Lime-stone ; denominated kalk- 

 stein, which is divided into four sub- 

 species, viz. compact-limestone ; foliated 

 lime-stone ; fibrous limestone ; peastone. 

 The first is of a greyish colour, com- 

 posed chiefly of lime and carbonic acid, 

 with small portions of iron, alumina, and 

 inflammable matter; and is found in the 

 sandstone and coal formations of Saxony, 

 Bohemia, Bavaria, Sweden, France, Eng- 

 land, Scotland, &c. It is used as mor- 

 tar, when deprived of its carbonic acid, 

 and in this state also it is employed in 

 the manufacture of soap, in tanning, and 

 other processes. It is likewise used as 

 a flux, in the reduction of such ores as 

 are difficultly fusible, by means of its 

 silica and alumina. The Florentine arbo- 

 rescent marble, a variety of this species, 

 is, according to Jameson, very valuable 

 for the purposes of ornament ; and the 

 limestone of Pappenheim serves for pav* 

 ing, grave-stones, and sometimes for po- 

 lishing plate-glass. Of the foliated lime- 

 stone, the granular is the most important 

 variety : this is purer than common lime- 

 stone, is found peculiarly beautiful at 

 Carrava in Italy, where it is quarried, 

 and from thence distributed over Europe, 

 for the purposes of statuary. The white 

 marble of Paros has been long celebrated 

 for its fitness for sculpture, and other 

 useful purposes. Calc-spar is another 

 variety, of which many of its most beau- 

 tiful and rare crystallizations are found 

 in Derbyshire, in Ireland, and many parts 

 of the continent. The fibrous limestone 

 occurs only in small veins : the satin spar 

 of Derbyshire belongs to this kind. The 

 calc-sinter is a variety of the fibrous 

 limestone, of which there is a striking 

 instance in the grotto of Anteparos : 

 when it occurs in large masses, it is 

 used by the statuary for many of the pur- 

 poses of marble. The alabaster of the 

 ancients is calk-sinter. It was brought 

 from Arabia in considerable quantities, 

 and used principally for the drapery of 

 marble statues. Peastone is found in 



