CAP 



and three annulets under the ovolo, or 

 echinus. 



CAPITAL, Ionic, that which is distin- 

 guished by volutes and ovolos. The ovo- 

 lo is adorned with eggs and darts. 



CAPITAL, Corinthian, is the richest of 

 all, being adorned with a double row of 

 leaves, with eight large and as many small 

 volutes, situated round a body, which by 

 some is called campana, or bell, and by 

 others tambour or capsule. 



CAPITAL, composite, that which has the 

 double row of leaves of the Corinthian, 

 and the volutes of the Ionic capital. 



CAPITALS, among printers, large or 

 initial letters, in which titles are com- 

 posed. 



The Englfsh printers some years ago 

 made it a rule to begin almost every sub- 

 stantive with a capital; a custom qpt more 

 absurd than that of using no capitals at 

 all. 



Capkals, however, may very properly 

 commence the first word of every book, 

 chapter, letter, note, or any other piece 

 of writing: the first word after a period, 

 and if the two sentences are totally inde- 

 pendent, after a note of interrogation or 

 exclamation ; but if a number of inter- 

 rogative or exclamatory sentences are 

 thrown into one general group, or if the 

 construction of the latter sentences de- 

 pends on the former, all of them except 

 the first, may begin with a small letter: 

 the appellations of the deity : proper 

 names of persons, places, streets, moun- 

 tains, rivers, ships : adjectives derived 

 from the proper names of places : the 

 first word of a quotation, introduced 

 after a colon, or when it is in a direct 

 form ; but when a quotation is intro- 

 duced obliquely after a comma, a capital 

 is unnecessary: the first word of an exam- 

 ple : every substantive and principal word 

 in the titles of books : and the first word 

 of every line in poetry. The pronoun I, 

 and the interjection O, are also written 

 in capitals. Other words, beside the 

 preceding, may likewise be^in with capi- 

 tals, when they are remarkably emphati- 

 cal, or the principal subject of the com- 

 position. The ancient MSS. both Greek 

 and Latin, are written wholly in capitals. 



CAPITATION, a tax or imposition 

 raised on each person, in consideration of 

 his labour, industry, office, rank, &c. 



CAPITE, in law, an ancient tenure of 

 land, which was held immediately of the 

 king, as of his crown, either by knight's 

 service or socage. The tenure in capite 

 was of two kinds, the one principal and 

 general, the other special or subaltern. 

 The former was of the king, the fountain 



VOL. IH. 



from whence all tenures have their main 

 original The latter was of a particular 

 snbject, so called, because he was the 

 first that granted the land in such man- 

 ner, and hence he was styled " caphalis 

 dominus, and caput terrx illius." This te- 

 nure is now abolished, and, with others, 

 turned into common socage. 



CAPITULATION, in military affairs, a 

 treaty made between the garrison or inha- 

 bitants of a place besieged, and the be- 

 siegers, for the delivering up the place 

 on certain conditions. 



The most honourable and ordinary 

 terms of capitulation are, to march out at 

 the breach, with arms and baggage, 

 drums beating, colours flying, a match 

 lighted at both ends, and some pieces of 

 cannon, waggons, and convoys for their 

 baggage, and for the sick and wounded. 



CAPPARIS, in botany, English caper- 

 bush, a genus of the Polyandna Monogy- 

 nia class and order. Natural order of 

 Putamineae. Caparides, Jussieu : Essen- 

 tial character : calyx four-leaved, coria- 

 ceous; petals four ; stamens long; berry 

 corticose, one-celled, pedicelled. There 

 are twenty-five species. This genus con- 

 sists of shrubs. The leaves are simple 

 in the berry-bearing sorts, having fre- 

 quently two spines at the base, but in 

 those which bear pods commonly naked 

 or bi-glandular. Flowers in a kind of co- 

 rymb, terminating. Some of the species 

 have a berry, others have a silique or pod 

 for a fruit. C. spinosa, common caper- 

 bush, is a low shrub, generally growing 

 out of the joints of old walls, the fissures 

 of rocks, and among rubbish. It grows 

 wild in the southern countries of Europe, 

 and in the Levant. Dr. Smith thinks it 

 surprising that this beautiful shrub,which 

 is as common in the South of France as 

 the bramble with us, should be almost 

 unknown in our gardens, where it can 

 scarcely be made to flower, except in a 

 stove with great care. 



CAPRA, the goat, in natural history, a 

 genus of Mammalia, of the order Pecora. 

 Generic character : horns hollow, com- 

 pressed ; rough, almost close at theiv 

 base, turned back ; eight lower fore 

 teeth ; no tusks ; chin in the male beard- 

 ed. Of these there are three species, of 

 which we shall attend particularly to the 

 C. hircus, or common goat. ' This ani- 

 mal is found domesticated in almost 

 every part of the Globe, but was intro- 

 duced into America only on its discovery 

 by Europeans. In its internal structure 

 it extremely resembles sheep, but is far 

 superior to them in alertness, sentiment, 

 and intelligence. The goat approaches 



