CAR 



CAR 



called north and south, with regard to 

 the poles they are directed to. The 

 other two, viz. the intersections of the 

 horizon and first vertical, are called 

 east and west. The cardinal points there- 

 fore coincide with the four cardinal re- 

 gions of the heavens, and are 90 distant 

 from each other. The intermediate points 

 are called collateral points. 



CARDINAL sign*, in the zodiac, are 

 Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 



CARDINAL, more particularly, signifies 

 an ecclesiastical prince in the Romish 

 church, being one who has a voice in 

 the conclave at the election of a Pope. 

 The cardinals were originally nothing 1 

 more than deacons, to whom was en- 

 trusted the care of distributing the alms 

 to the poor of the several quarters of 

 Rome ; and as they held assemblies of 

 the poor in certain churches of their 

 several districts, they took the title of 

 these churches. They began to be call- 

 ed cardinals in the year 300, during the 

 pontificate of St. Sylvester, by which ap- 

 pellation was meant the chief priests of a 

 parish, and next in dignity to a bishop. 

 This office grew more considerable after- 

 wards, and by small degrees arrived at 

 its present height, in which it is the re- 

 ward of such as have served his holiness 

 well, even princes thinking it no diminu- 

 tion of their honour to become members 

 of the college of cardinals. 



The cardinals compose the Pope's 

 council, and till the time of Urban VI [I. 

 were styled most illustrious ; but by a de- 

 cree of that Pope in 1630, they had the 

 title of eminence conferred upon them. 



At the creation of a new cardinal, the 

 Pope performs the ceremony of shutting 

 and opening his mouth, which is done in 

 a private consistory. The shutting his 

 mouth, implies the depriving him of the 

 liberty of giving his opinion in congrega- 

 tions ; and the opening his mouth, which 

 is performed fifteen days after, signifies 

 the taking off this restraint. However, 

 if the Pope happens to die during the 

 time a cardinal's mouth is shut, he can 

 neither give his voice in the election of a 

 new Pope, nor be himself advanced to 

 that dignity. 



The privileges of the cardinals are 

 very great: they have an absolute power 

 in the church during the vacancy of the 

 holy see : they have a right to elect the 

 new Pope, and are the only persons on 

 whom the choice can fall: most of the 

 .grand offices in the court of Rome are 

 filled by cardinals. The dress of a cardi- 

 nal is a red sourtanne, a rochet, a short 



VOL. nr. 



purple mantle, and a red hat. When 

 they are sent to the courts of princes, 

 it is in quality of legates a latere : and 

 when they are appointed governors of 

 towns, their government is called by the 

 name of legation. 



CARDING, the combing and prepar- 

 ing of wool, cotton, flax, 8cc. with the in- 

 struments called cards. 



CARDIOID, in the higher geometry, 

 an algebraical curve, so called from its 

 resemblance to a heart. 



CARDIOSPERMUM, in botany, a ge- 

 nus of the Octandria Trigynia class and 

 order. Natural order of Trihilatae. Sa- 

 pindi, Jussieu. Essential character : calyx 

 four-leaved; petals four; nectary four- 

 leaved, unequal ; capsules three, cornate 

 inflated. There are three species, all of 

 them natives of warm countries. They 

 are annual, and perish soon after they 

 have perfected their seeds. They do not 

 thrive with us excepting in a stove. 



CARDIUM, in natural history, the 

 cockle, a genus of worms of the order 

 Testacea ; animal a tethys; shell bivalve, 

 nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally 

 convex, longitudinally ribbed, striate or 

 grooved, with a toothed margin ; hinge 

 with two teeth near the beak, and a 

 larger remote lateral on each side, each 

 locking into the oppsite. There are 

 nearly 60 species. 



CARDUUS, in botany, English thistle, 

 a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia 

 JEqualis class and order. Natural order 

 of Composite Capitatse. Cinarocephalae, 

 Juss. Essential character: calyx ovate, 

 imbricate, with spiny scales ; receptacle 

 hairy. There are fifty-one species. 

 Little need be said of this genus, nature 

 having made abundant provision for their 

 increase, by annexing to their seeds a 

 light down, which makes them readily 

 float in the air, and scatters them wide 

 over the neighbouring fields. As they 

 are usually considered as noxious weeds, 

 rather than ornamental plants, few of 

 them are admitted into the flower garden, 

 and those few are valued more for their 

 variety, than for their beauty. 



CAREENING, in the sea language, thf 

 bringing a ship to lie down on one side, 

 in order to trim and caulk the other side. 

 A ship is said to be brought to the careen, 

 when, the most of her lading being taken 

 out, she is hauled down on one side by a, 

 small vessel as low as necessary ; and 

 there kept by the weight of the ballast, 

 ordnance, 8cc. as well as by ropes, lesr 

 her masts should be strained too much, 

 in order that her sides and bottom rmy 



M 



